Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haglaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-).[1][2] Alternatively, *haglaz may be:

From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-[3]).[4]
Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑɣ.lɑz/

Noun

*haglaz m[1]

hail (the precipitation)
(Runic alphabet) name of the H-rune (ᚺ, ᚻ)

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *haglaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haglaz	haglōz, haglōs
vocative	*hagl	haglōz, haglōs
accusative	*haglą	*haglanz
genitive	haglas, haglis	*haglǫ̂
dative	*haglai	*haglamaz
instrumental	*haglō	*haglamiz

Derived terms

*haglastainaz (“hailstone”)[4]

Descendants

Old English: hagol; hæġl
- Middle English: haul; hayle
  - English: hail
  - Scots: hail
Old Frisian: heil
- Saterland Frisian: Hail
- West Frisian: heil
Old Saxon: hagal
- Middle Low German: hagel
  - German Low German: Hagel
  - Plautdietsch: Hoagel
Old Dutch: *hagal
- Middle Dutch: hagel
  - Dutch: hagel
    - Afrikaans: hael
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
    - Negerhollands: hagel
    - → Papiamentu: hagel
    - → Sranan Tongo: agra
      - → Caribbean Javanese: agrah
      - → Saramaccan: hága, ága
  - Limburgish: hagel, haachel
Old High German: hagal
- Middle High German: hagel
  - German: Hagel
  - Luxembourgish: Hol (obsolete)
  - Yiddish: האָגל‎ (hogl)
Old Norse: hagl
- Icelandic: hagl
- Faroese: hagl, høgl, heglingur
- Norwegian: hagl
- Old Swedish: haghl
  - Swedish: hagel
- Old Danish: haghæl
  - Danish: hagl, hagel, havl
- Gutnish: hagel
→ English: haglaz (learned)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hagla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 199
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάχληξ, -ηκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 660
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hihelōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 226
Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xaʒlan ~ *xaʒlaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hagla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 199

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κάχληξ, -ηκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 660

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hihelōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 226

[HGE-4] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xaʒlan ~ *xaʒlaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 150