< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grōtijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *grētaną + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɣrɔː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*grōtijaną[1][2]
- to cause to weep; make cry
- to scold
- to address (an issue)
- to address (an individual); greet
Inflection
Conjugation of *grōtijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *grōtijō | *grōtijaų | — | *grōtijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *grōtīsi | *grōtijais | *grōtī | *grōtijasai | *grōtijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *grōtīþi | *grōtijai | *grōtijaþau | *grōtijaþai | *grōtijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *grōtijōs | *grōtijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *grōtijaþiz | *grōtijaiþiz | *grōtijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *grōtijamaz | *grōtijaim | — | *grōtijanþai | *grōtijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *grōtīþ | *grōtijaiþ | *grōtīþ | *grōtijanþai | *grōtijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *grōtijanþi | *grōtijain | *grōtijanþau | *grōtijanþai | *grōtijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *grōtidǭ | *grōtidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *grōtidēz | *grōtidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *grōtidē | *grōtidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *grōtidēdū | *grōtidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *grōtidēdudiz | *grōtidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *grōtidēdum | *grōtidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *grōtidēdud | *grōtidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *grōtidēdun | *grōtidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *grōtijandz | *grōtidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *grōtijan
- Old English: grētan
- Middle English: greten
- English: greet
- Scots: grete, greit
- Middle English: greten
- Old Frisian: grēta
- Saterland Frisian: gröitje
- West Frisian: groetsje
- Old Saxon: grōtian
- Middle Low German: grö̂ten
- German Low German: gröten
- Middle Low German: grö̂ten
- Old Dutch: *gruoten
- Middle Dutch: groeten, gruten
- Dutch: groeten
- Afrikaans: groet
- Negerhollands: groet, gruet, groetnes
- → Caribbean Javanese: khrut
- Dutch: groeten
- Middle Dutch: groeten, gruten
- Old High German: gruozen, gruozzen
- Middle High German: grüezen
- Alemannic German: grüesse
- Cimbrian: grüazan, grüusan
- German: grüßen
- Luxembourgish: gréissen
- Middle High German: grüezen
- →? Vulgar Latin: *grōtiāre
- Old French: grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier
- → Middle English: grouchen, grucchen
- English: grouch, grutch, grudge, grouse
- Scots: gruch, grutch, grunch
- → Middle English: grouchen, grucchen
- Old French: grocier, grucier, groucier, grouchier
- Old English: grētan
- Old Norse: grœta
- Icelandic: græta
- Faroese: grøta
- Norwegian Nynorsk: grøta
- Old Swedish: grø̄ta
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*grōtjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*ʒrōtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144