Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gramaz (“angry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to sound, bellow, growl, roar, be angry”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑ.mɔːː/

Noun

*gramô m

anger, wrath
one who is angry, fiend, enemy

Declension

Declension of *gramô (an-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gramô	*gramaniz
Vocative	*gramô	*gramaniz
Accusative	*gramanų	*gramanunz
Genitive	*graminiz	*gramanǫ̂
Dative	*gramini	*gramammaz
Instrumental	*graminē	*gramammiz

Related terms

*gramalīkaz
*gramaz
*gramį̄
*gramitjaną
*gramiþō
*gramjaną
*gramstaz
*grimmaz

Descendants

Old English: grama, groma
- Middle English: grame, grome
  - English: grame
  - Scots: grame, gram
Old Saxon: gramo (“fiend, Devil”)
- Middle Low German: gram (“anger, grief, bitterness, indignation, hostility”)
- ⇒ Middle Low German: grāmich
- ⇒ Middle Low German: grāmen, grammen
Old High German: *gramo
- Middle High German: gram m; grame f
  - German: Gram; Grame, Gräme
Gothic: *𐌾𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌰 (*grama)
- → Vulgar Latin: *gramo
  - Italian: gramo
  - Old French: grain, graigne
  - Old Occitan: gram