< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fūlaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be rotten; putrid”). Cognate with Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Latin pūs (“foul, corrupt matter; pus”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “rots, smells”), Persian پوسیدن (pusidan, “to rot”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɸuː.lɑz/
Adjective
*fūlaz
- foul, dirty
- rotten
Inflection
Declension of *fūlaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *fūlaz | *fūlai | *fūlō | *fūlôz | *fūlą, -atō | *fūlō |
| Accusative | *fūlanǭ | *fūlanz | *fūlǭ | *fūlōz | *fūlą, -atō | *fūlō |
| Genitive | *fūlas, -is | *fūlaizǫ̂ | *fūlaizōz | *fūlaizǫ̂ | *fūlas, -is | *fūlaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *fūlammai | *fūlaimaz | *fūlaizōi | *fūlaimaz | *fūlammai | *fūlaimaz |
| Instrumental | *fūlanō | *fūlaimiz | *fūlaizō | *fūlaimiz | *fūlanō | *fūlaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *fūlô | *fūlaniz | *fūlǭ | *fūlōniz | *fūlô | *fūlōnō |
| Accusative | *fūlanų | *fūlanunz | *fūlōnų | *fūlōnunz | *fūlô | *fūlōnō |
| Genitive | *fūliniz | *fūlanǫ̂ | *fūlōniz | *fūlōnǫ̂ | *fūliniz | *fūlanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *fūlini | *fūlammaz | *fūlōni | *fūlōmaz | *fūlini | *fūlammaz |
| Instrumental | *fūlinē | *fūlammiz | *fūlōnē | *fūlōmiz | *fūlinē | *fūlammiz |
Related terms
- *fawjaną
- *fūlą
- *fūlį̄
- *fūô
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *fūl
- Old English: fūl
- Middle English: foul
- English: foul
- Scots: foul
- Middle English: foul
- Old Frisian: fūl
- Saterland Frisian: fuul
- West Frisian: fûl
- Old Saxon: *fūl (in derivatives)
- Middle Low German: vûl
- German Low German: fuul
- Middle Low German: vûl
- Old Dutch: *fūl
- Middle Dutch: vuul
- Dutch: vuil
- Afrikaans: vuil
- Dutch: vuil
- Middle Dutch: vuul
- Old High German: fūl
- Middle High German: vūl, voul
- Cimbrian: baul
- German: faul
- Yiddish: פֿױל (foyl)
- Middle High German: vūl, voul
- Old English: fūl
- Old Norse: fúll
- Icelandic: fúll
- Faroese: fúlur
- Norwegian Bokmål: ful
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ful
- Old Swedish: fūl
- Swedish: ful
- Danish: ful
- Gutnish: fäul
- Westrobothnian: fuhl, fäul, feul, fiul
- Gothic: 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fūls)