< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flōaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative reconstructions
- *flōwaną[1]
Etymology
Possibly from a pre-form *plōw-, the lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew-[2]. Alternatively from *pleh₃-[3].
Kroonen explains the alternation between -w- (in Anglo-Saxon) and -j- (in Low German) as a result of hiatus after the regular loss of *u after *ō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɸlɔː.ɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*flōaną[2]
- to flow
Inflection
Conjugation of *flōaną (strong class 7e)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *flōō | *flōaų | — | *flōai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *flōizi | *flōaiz | *flō | *flōazai | *flōaizau |
| 3rd singular | *flōidi | *flōai | *flōadau | *flōadai | *flōaidau |
| 1st dual | *flōōz | *flōaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *flōadiz | *flōaidiz | *flōadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *flōamaz | *flōaim | — | *flōandai | *flōaindau |
| 2nd plural | *flōid | *flōaid | *flōid | *flōandai | *flōaindau |
| 3rd plural | *flōandi | *flōain | *flōandau | *flōandai | *flōaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *feflō | *feflōį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *feflōt | *feflōīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *feflō | *feflōī | |||
| 1st dual | *feflōū | *feflōīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *feflōudiz | *feflōīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *feflōum | *feflōīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *feflōud | *feflōīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *feflōun | *feflōīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *flōandz | *flōanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *flōan
- Old English: flōwan
- Middle English: flowen
- Scots: flow, flou
- English: flow
- Middle English: flowen
- Old Frisian: *flōja
- Saterland Frisian: flouje
- West Frisian: floeie
- Old Saxon: *flōian
- Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen
- Low German: floien, flojen
- Middle Low German: vlôien, vlôigen, vlôgen
- Old Dutch: *fluoien
- Middle Dutch: vloeyen
- Dutch: vloeien
- Afrikaans: vloei
- Dutch: vloeien
- Middle Dutch: vloeyen
- Old High German: flouwen, flawjan, flawen, flewen
- Middle High German: flæjen, vlæjen, vlæen, vlæn
- Old English: flōwan
- Old Norse: flóa
- Icelandic: flóa
- Norwegian: flo
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “flōwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*flōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 147
- Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “vloeien”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press