Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fastuz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *fastaz, *fastijaz
Etymology
Connected with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, “firm, steady, standing still, tough; thick, dense, broad”), possibly also Sanskrit पस्त्य n (pastyá, “stall, stable ← stable habitation”), पस्त्या f (pastyā́, “homestead, dwelling, household”), and usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pastV- (“solid, stable”). Kroonen separates the Sanskrit and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root for Armenian and Germanic as *pHst-, according to him from earlier *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-, a compound of *peh₂ǵ- (“to become firm”) (compare Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fasten, fix, make solid”)) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).
However, according to Martirosyan “we are hardly dealing with a Proto-Indo-European word,” rather a substrate word shared by Armenian, Germanic, and possibly also Indo-Aryan. See հաստ (hast) for more on this.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɸɑs.tuz/
Adjective
*fastuz
- fixed, firm, secure
Inflection
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *fastuz | *fastijai | *fastī | *fastijôz | *fastų, *-jatō | *fastijō |
| accusative | *fastijanǭ | *fastijanz | *fastijǭ | *fastijōz | *fastų, *-jatō | *fastijō |
| genitive | *fastijas, *fastīs | *fastijaizǫ̂ | *fastijaizōz | *fastijaizǫ̂ | *fastijas, *fastīs | *fastijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *fastijammai | *fastijaimaz | *fastijaizōi | *fastijaimaz | *fastijammai | *fastijaimaz |
| instrumental | *fastijanō | *fastijaimiz | *fastijaizō | *fastijaimiz | *fastijanō | *fastijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *fastijô | *fastijaniz | *fastijǭ | *fastijōniz | *fastijô | *fastijōnō |
| accusative | *fastijanų | *fastijanunz | *fastijōnų | *fastijōnunz | *fastijô | *fastijōnō |
| genitive | *fastīniz | *fastijanǫ̂ | *fastijōniz | *fastijōnǫ̂ | *fastīniz | *fastijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *fastīni | *fastijammaz | *fastijōni | *fastijōmaz | *fastīni | *fastijammaz |
| instrumental | *fastīnē | *fastijammiz | *fastijōnē | *fastijōmiz | *fastīnē | *fastijammiz |
Derived terms
- *fastanją
- *fastāną
- *fastijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *fast, *fastu; *fastī
- Old English: fæst
- Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
- Scots: fest, fast
- English: fast
- Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
- Old Frisian: fest
- Saterland Frisian: fääst
- West Frisian: fêst
- Old Saxon: fast
- Middle Low German: fast, vast
- Low German: fast
- Middle Low German: fast, vast
- Old Dutch: fast
- Middle Dutch: vast
- Dutch: vast
- Middle Dutch: vast
- Old High German: fast
- Middle High German: fast, vast
- Old English: fæst
- Proto-West Germanic: *fastī
- Old Saxon: festi
- Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
- Low German: fest
- Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
- Old High German: festi
- Middle High German: feste, veste
- German: fest
- Middle High German: feste, veste
- Old Saxon: festi
- Old Norse: fastr
- Icelandic: fastur
- Faroese: fastur
- Norwegian: fast
- Old Swedish: faster
- Swedish: fast
- Danish: fast
- Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (in derivatives)
- Vandalic: *fast-
References
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 204b
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “hast”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 390
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fastu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138