Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/erþō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁érteh₂ (“earth”). Related to *erwǭ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈer.θɔː/

Noun

*erþō f

earth

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *erþō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*erþō	*erþôz
vocative	*erþō	*erþôz
accusative	*erþǭ	*erþōz
genitive	*erþōz	*erþǫ̂
dative	*erþōi	*erþōmaz
instrumental	*erþō	*erþōmiz

Derived terms

*erþōbazją
*erþaburgz
*erþōfallaz
*erþōfastuz
*erþōhnuts
*erþahūsą
*erþō jahw upphiminaz
*erþōkundaz
*erþōwegaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *erþu
- Old English: eorþe, eorþ, earþe, iorþe, yrþ, eorðe, eorðo, eorðu
  - Middle English: erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe; earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe
    - English: earth, Earth
    - Scots: erd (influenced by erd)
    - Yola: erth, eart, eard, eord, eart, eorth
- Old Frisian: erthe, erde, irthe
  - Saterland Frisian: Äide, Idde, Äid
  - West Frisian: ierde
- Old Saxon: ertha, erda
  - Middle Low German: êrde
    - Low German:
      - Dutch Low Saxon: eerde
      - German Low German: Eer, Eerd, Ier, Ierd
      - Westphalian:
        Lippisch: Eren (dative (as in up Eren) and genitive (as in in der Eren Grund))
        Ravensbergisch: Airn
        Sauerländisch: Ēre, Ere, Ǟre, Ēäre
        Westmünsterländisch: Eerde, Eere, Äärde, Ääre, Iärde
    - Plautdietsch: Ead, Ieed
- Old Dutch: ertha
  - Middle Dutch: erde
    - Dutch: aarde
      - Afrikaans: aarde
      - Negerhollands: aarde, adu, aerde
        → Virgin Islands Creole: adu, ard (archaic)
      - → Indonesian: arde
    - Limburgish: aerd, aerj
- Old High German: erda, haerda
  - Middle High German: ërde
    - Alemannic German: Ëërde
    - Bavarian: Ead
      Cimbrian: èerda
    - Central Franconian: Ääd, Erd; Äerd
      Hunsrik: Äerd
      Kölsch: Äd
    - German: Erde
    - Luxembourgish: Äerd
    - Rhine Franconian: Erd
      Pennsylvania German: Erd, Aerd, Eaht
    - Vilamovian: aod
    - Yiddish: ערד‎ (erd)
Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)
- Old Norse: jǫrð, jorð
  - Icelandic: jörð
  - Faroese: jørð
  - Norn: yurn (< jǫrðin)
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: jord f
  - Jamtish: jórð
  - Elfdalian: juord
  - Westrobothnian: jol
  - Old Swedish: iorþ, iordh
    - Swedish: jord
  - Old Danish: iorth
    - Danish: jord
      - Norwegian Bokmål: jord m or f
    - Scanian: jorð
  - Old Gutnish: iorþ
    - Gutnish: jård
Gothic: 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)