< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaljaną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *dwalaz (“confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad”) + *-janą.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdwɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*dwaljaną[1][2]
- to be confused, perplex
- to hold up, delay
Inflection
Conjugation of *dwaljaną (weak class 1)
active voice | passive voice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
1st singular | *dwaljō | *dwaljaų | — | *dwaljai | ? |
2nd singular | *dwalisi | *dwaljais | *dwali | *dwaljasai | *dwaljaisau |
3rd singular | *dwaliþi | *dwaljai | *dwaljaþau | *dwaljaþai | *dwaljaiþau |
1st dual | *dwaljōs | *dwaljaiw | — | — | — |
2nd dual | *dwaljaþiz | *dwaljaiþiz | *dwaljaþiz | — | — |
1st plural | *dwaljamaz | *dwaljaim | — | *dwaljanþai | *dwaljainþau |
2nd plural | *dwaliþ | *dwaljaiþ | *dwaliþ | *dwaljanþai | *dwaljainþau |
3rd plural | *dwaljanþi | *dwaljain | *dwaljanþau | *dwaljanþai | *dwaljainþau |
past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
1st singular | *dwalidǭ | *dwalidēdį̄ | |||
2nd singular | *dwalidēz | *dwalidēdīz | |||
3rd singular | *dwalidē | *dwalidēdī | |||
1st dual | *dwalidēdū | *dwalidēdīw | |||
2nd dual | *dwalidēdudiz | *dwalidēdīdiz | |||
1st plural | *dwalidēdum | *dwalidēdīm | |||
2nd plural | *dwalidēdud | *dwalidēdīd | |||
3rd plural | *dwalidēdun | *dwalidēdīn | |||
present | past | ||||
participles | *dwaljandz | *dwalidaz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *dwalljan
- Old English: dwellan
- Middle English: dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle
- English: dwell
- Scots: dwall
- Middle English: dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle
- Old Saxon: *dwellian
- Old Dutch: *dwellen
- Middle Dutch: dwellen
- Limburgish: dwelle
- Middle Dutch: dwellen
- Old High German: twellen
- Middle High German: twellen
- Old English: dwellan
- Old Norse: dvelja
- Icelandic: dvelja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: dvelja
- Danish: dvæle
- Swedish: dväljas
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*đwaljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dwaljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 111-112