< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/durzaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰórse, a reduplicated form of *dʰers- (“to be bold”), an extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Sanskrit दधर्ष (dadharṣa) and related to Ancient Greek θάρσος (thársos, “courage”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdur.zɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*durzaną
- to dare
Inflection
Conjugation of *durzaną (preterite-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *dars | *durzį̄ | — | — | — |
| 2nd singular | *darst | *durzīz | — | — | — |
| 3rd singular | *dars | *durzī | — | — | — |
| 1st dual | *durzū | *durzīw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *durzudiz | *durzīdiz | — | — | — |
| 1st plural | *durzum | *durzīm | — | — | — |
| 2nd plural | *durzud | *durzīd | — | — | — |
| 3rd plural | *durzun | *durzīn | — | — | — |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *durstǭ | *durstēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *durstēz | *durstēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *durstē | *durstēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *durstēdū | *durstēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *durstēdudiz | *durstēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *durstēdum | *durstēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *durstēdud | *durstēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *durstēdun | *durstēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *durzandz | *durstaz | |||
Derived terms
- *durstiz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *durʀan
- Old English: durran
- Middle English: durren
- Scots: daur
- English: dare
- Middle English: durren
- Old Saxon: durran
- Low German: dören (sometimes merged with dörven, from *þurbaną)
- Old Dutch: *durran
- Middle Dutch: dorren, durren
- Dutch: durven (merged with *þurbaną)
- Afrikaans: durf
- Limburgish: derre, dórre
- Dutch: durven (merged with *þurbaną)
- Middle Dutch: dorren, durren
- Old High German: turran
- Middle High German: turren
- Bavarian:
- Cimbrian: töoran
- Central Franconian: dusche (semantically identical to dürve)
- German: thüren, türen (obsolete)
- Yiddish: טאָרן (torn)
- Bavarian:
- Middle High German: turren
- Old English: durran
- Gothic: *𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*daursan)
- ⇒ Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gadaursan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN