Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Zero-grade adjective related to *dinkwa-, *dankwaz (“dark”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz/

Adjective

*dunkalaz

dark

Inflection

Declension of *dunkalaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*dunkalaz	*dunkalai	*dunkalō	*dunkalôz	*dunkalą, -atō	*dunkalō
Accusative	*dunkalanǭ	*dunkalanz	*dunkalǭ	*dunkalōz	*dunkalą, -atō	*dunkalō
Genitive	*dunkalas, -is	*dunkalaizǫ̂	*dunkalaizōz	*dunkalaizǫ̂	*dunkalas, -is	*dunkalaizǫ̂
Dative	*dunkalammai	*dunkalaimaz	*dunkalaizōi	*dunkalaimaz	*dunkalammai	*dunkalaimaz
Instrumental	*dunkalanō	*dunkalaimiz	*dunkalaizō	*dunkalaimiz	*dunkalanō	*dunkalaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*dunkalô	*dunkalaniz	*dunkalǭ	*dunkalōniz	*dunkalô	*dunkalōnō
Accusative	*dunkalanų	*dunkalanunz	*dunkalōnų	*dunkalōnunz	*dunkalô	*dunkalōnō
Genitive	*dunkaliniz	*dunkalanǫ̂	*dunkalōniz	*dunkalōnǫ̂	*dunkaliniz	*dunkalanǫ̂
Dative	*dunkalini	*dunkalammaz	*dunkalōni	*dunkalōmaz	*dunkalini	*dunkalammaz
Instrumental	*dunkalinē	*dunkalammiz	*dunkalōnē	*dunkalōmiz	*dunkalinē	*dunkalammiz

Synonyms

*derkaz
*dunkaraz

Derived terms

*dunkalą
*dunkalāną
*dunkalį̄
*dunkaljaną

Related terms

*dankwaz

Descendants

Old Frisian: *diunkel, *dionkel
- Saterland Frisian: djunkel
Old Saxon: dunkal
- Middle Low German: dunkel
  - German Low German: dunkel
  - Plautdietsch: dunkel
Old Dutch: *dunkal, *dunkel
- Middle Dutch: donkel, dunkel
  - Dutch: donker
    - Afrikaans: donker
Old High German: tunkal, tuncal, tunchal
- Middle High German: tunkel, dunkel
  - German: dunkel
    - → Danish: dunkel
      - → Swedish: dunkel
  - Yiddish: טונקל‎ (tunkl)