< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *duniz (“sound”) + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdun.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*dunjaną[1]
- to make a noise, to resound
Inflection
Conjugation of *dunjaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *dunjō | *dunjaų | — | *dunjai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *dunisi | *dunjais | *duni | *dunjasai | *dunjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *duniþi | *dunjai | *dunjaþau | *dunjaþai | *dunjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *dunjōs | *dunjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *dunjaþiz | *dunjaiþiz | *dunjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *dunjamaz | *dunjaim | — | *dunjanþai | *dunjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *duniþ | *dunjaiþ | *duniþ | *dunjanþai | *dunjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *dunjanþi | *dunjain | *dunjanþau | *dunjanþai | *dunjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *dunidǭ | *dunidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *dunidēz | *dunidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *dunidē | *dunidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *dunidēdū | *dunidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *dunidēdudiz | *dunidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *dunidēdum | *dunidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *dunidēdud | *dunidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *dunidēdun | *dunidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *dunjandz | *dunidaz | |||
Descendants
- West Germanic: *dunnjan
- Old English: dynnan, dynian
- Middle English: dunien, dinien, dunen, dunnen, dinen
- English: dun, din
- Scots: dyn, din
- Middle English: dunien, dinien, dunen, dunnen, dinen
- Old Saxon: dunnian
- Old English: dynnan, dynian
- Old Norse: dynja
- Icelandic: dynja
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: dynje
- Nynorsk: dynje, dynja
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*dunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 79