< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dreuganą
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be deceptive; damage”).
Verb
*dreuganą[1][2]
- to mislead, to deceive
Inflection
Conjugation of *dreuganą (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *dreugō | *dreugaų | — | *dreugai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *driugizi | *dreugaiz | *dreug | *dreugazai | *dreugaizau |
| 3rd singular | *driugidi | *dreugai | *dreugadau | *dreugadai | *dreugaidau |
| 1st dual | *dreugōz | *dreugaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *dreugadiz | *dreugaidiz | *dreugadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *dreugamaz | *dreugaim | — | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| 2nd plural | *driugid | *dreugaid | *driugid | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| 3rd plural | *dreugandi | *dreugain | *dreugandau | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *draug | *drugį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *drauht | *drugīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *draug | *drugī | |||
| 1st dual | *drugū | *drugīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *drugudiz | *drugīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *drugum | *drugīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *drugud | *drugīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *drugun | *drugīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *dreugandz | *druganaz | |||
Derived terms
- *draugaz
- *drugą
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
- Old Frisian: driāga
- Saterland Frisian: drjooge
- Old Saxon: driogan
- Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
- German Low German: dregen
- Middle Low German: drêgen, drȫgen, drogen
- Old Dutch: *driegan
- Middle Dutch: driegen
- Dutch: driegen
- Middle Dutch: driegen
- Old High German: triogan
- Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
- German: trügen
- Middle High German: triegen, trūgen
- Old Frisian: driāga
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to hold fast; retain; support”).
Verb
*dreuganą[3][2]
- to serve, to be a retainer
Inflection
Conjugation of *dreuganą (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *dreugō | *dreugaų | — | *dreugai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *driugizi | *dreugaiz | *dreug | *dreugazai | *dreugaizau |
| 3rd singular | *driugidi | *dreugai | *dreugadau | *dreugadai | *dreugaidau |
| 1st dual | *dreugōz | *dreugaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *dreugadiz | *dreugaidiz | *dreugadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *dreugamaz | *dreugaim | — | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| 2nd plural | *driugid | *dreugaid | *driugid | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| 3rd plural | *dreugandi | *dreugain | *dreugandau | *dreugandai | *dreugaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *draug | *drugį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *drauht | *drugīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *draug | *drugī | |||
| 1st dual | *drugū | *drugīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *drugudiz | *drugīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *drugum | *drugīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *drugud | *drugīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *drugun | *drugīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *dreugandz | *druganaz | |||
Derived terms
- *druhtiz
- *druhtinaz
Related terms
- *draugą
- *draugô
- *driugijaną
- *drangijaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *dreugan
- Old English: drēogan
- Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
- Scots: dre, drie, drey, dree
- English: dree, drudge
- Middle English: dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen
- Old English: drēogan
- Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dreugan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*dreuganan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 75-76
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dreugan- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 102