< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bitraz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *bʰidrós (“biting, splitting”), equivalent to *bītaną + *-raz.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbit.rɑz/
Adjective
*bitraz
- bitter
- Synonym: *baitraz
Inflection
Declension of *bitraz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *bitraz | *bitrai | *bitrō | *bitrôz | *bitrą, -atō | *bitrō |
| Accusative | *bitranǭ | *bitranz | *bitrǭ | *bitrōz | *bitrą, -atō | *bitrō |
| Genitive | *bitras, -is | *bitraizǫ̂ | *bitraizōz | *bitraizǫ̂ | *bitras, -is | *bitraizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *bitrammai | *bitraimaz | *bitraizōi | *bitraimaz | *bitrammai | *bitraimaz |
| Instrumental | *bitranō | *bitraimiz | *bitraizō | *bitraimiz | *bitranō | *bitraimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *bitrô | *bitraniz | *bitrǭ | *bitrōniz | *bitrô | *bitrōnō |
| Accusative | *bitranų | *bitranunz | *bitrōnų | *bitrōnunz | *bitrô | *bitrōnō |
| Genitive | *bitriniz | *bitranǫ̂ | *bitrōniz | *bitrōnǫ̂ | *bitriniz | *bitranǫ̂ |
| Dative | *bitrini | *bitrammaz | *bitrōni | *bitrōmaz | *bitrini | *bitrammaz |
| Instrumental | *bitrinē | *bitrammiz | *bitrōnē | *bitrōmiz | *bitrinē | *bitrammiz |
Related terms
- *baitraz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *bit(t)r
- Old English: biter, bitter
- Middle English: bitter
- Scots: bittir
- English: bitter
- Middle English: bitter
- Old Frisian: *bitter
- Saterland Frisian: bitter
- West Frisian: bitter
- Old Saxon: bittar
- Middle Low German: bitter
- Low German: bitter
- → Danish: bitter
- → Swedish: bitter (partly)
- → Norwegian: bitter
- Middle Low German: bitter
- Old Dutch: bitter
- Middle Dutch: bitter
- Dutch: bitter
- Middle Dutch: bitter
- Old High German: bittar, pittar
- Middle High German: bitter, pitter
- German: bitter
- Luxembourgish: batter
- Vilamovian: bytter
- Yiddish: ביטער (biter)
- Middle High German: bitter, pitter
- Old English: biter, bitter
- Old Norse: bitr
- Icelandic: bitur
- Faroese: bitur
- Old Swedish: biter, bitter, beter
- Swedish: bitter (under Low German influence)
- Danish: biderhvas (compound with *hwassaz)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bitra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66