< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birhtijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *berhtaz (“bright”) + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbirx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*birhtijaną[1][2]
- to brighten, shine, make clear
Inflection
Conjugation of *birhtijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *birhtijō | *birhtijaų | — | *birhtijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *birhtīsi | *birhtijais | *birhtī | *birhtijasai | *birhtijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *birhtīþi | *birhtijai | *birhtijaþau | *birhtijaþai | *birhtijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *birhtijōs | *birhtijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *birhtijaþiz | *birhtijaiþiz | *birhtijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *birhtijamaz | *birhtijaim | — | *birhtijanþai | *birhtijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *birhtīþ | *birhtijaiþ | *birhtīþ | *birhtijanþai | *birhtijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *birhtijanþi | *birhtijain | *birhtijanþau | *birhtijanþai | *birhtijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *birhtidǭ | *birhtidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *birhtidēz | *birhtidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *birhtidē | *birhtidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *birhtidēdū | *birhtidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *birhtidēdudiz | *birhtidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *birhtidēdum | *birhtidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *birhtidēdud | *birhtidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *birhtidēdun | *birhtidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *birhtijandz | *birhtidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *birhtijan
- Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
- Middle English: brihten, briʒten, brighten, bryghten
- English: brighten
- Middle English: brihten, briʒten, brighten, bryghten
- Old English: birhtan, brihtan, bierhtan, bryhtan, beorhtan
- Old Norse: birta
- Icelandic: birta
- Faroese: birta
- Old Danish: birta
- Swedish: *birta (evidenced by a late derivation, birtan, attested in the 17th century)[3]
- Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (bairhtjan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*berhtaz-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60-61: “*berhtjan-”
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*berxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 42
- birtan in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)