Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bermô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰér-mō ~ *bʰr̥-mnés[1][2], from *bʰer- (“to boil”) (compare with Latin fermentum (“fermentation; yeast”)), or perhaps from *gʷʰér-mō ~ *gʷʰr̥-mnés[3], from *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈber.mɔːː/

Noun

*bermô m

yeast

Inflection

masculine an-stemDeclension of *bermô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*bermô	*bermaniz
vocative	*bermô	*bermaniz
accusative	*bermanų	*bermanunz
genitive	*birminiz	*bermanǫ̂
dative	*birmini	*bermammaz
instrumental	*birminē	*bermammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *bermō
- Old English: beorma, beorm, bearm
  - Middle English: berme, barme, berm, barm, beorme
    - English: barm
    - Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm
    - Yola: barrm
- Old Frisian: berma
  - Saterland Frisian: Bierme
  - West Frisian: berme
- Old Saxon: *bermo, *berma
  - Middle Low German: berm, barm
    - German Low German: Barm, Bärme, Bärm
      - → German: Bärme
    - → Danish: bærme
    - → Estonian: pärm
    - → Swedish: bärma
    - → Norwegian: bærme, berme
- Old Dutch: *bermo; *berma
  - Middle Dutch: berme, berm, barme, barm

References

Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 255
Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*krudda/ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306

[1] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 255

[2] Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*krudda/ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306