< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate with Latin ferīre (“to beat, strike”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*barjaną[1][2]
- to beat, strike
Inflection
Conjugation of *barjaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *barjō | *barjaų | — | *barjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *barisi | *barjais | *bari | *barjasai | *barjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *bariþi | *barjai | *barjaþau | *barjaþai | *barjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *barjōs | *barjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *barjaþiz | *barjaiþiz | *barjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *barjamaz | *barjaim | — | *barjanþai | *barjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *bariþ | *barjaiþ | *bariþ | *barjanþai | *barjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *barjanþi | *barjain | *barjanþau | *barjanþai | *barjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *baridǭ | *baridēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *baridēz | *baridēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *baridē | *baridēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *baridēdū | *baridēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *baridēdudiz | *baridēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *baridēdum | *baridēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *baridēdud | *baridēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *baridēdun | *baridēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *barjandz | *baridaz | |||
Related terms
- *barō
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *barjan
- Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
- Middle English: berien, beryen
- Scots: berrie, berry, barrie
- English: berry (verb)
- Middle English: berien, beryen
- (Old Frisian: ber)
- Old High German: berjan, perjan, berien, *berren
- Middle High German: berjen, berren, beren, bern
- German: beren
- Middle High German: berjen, berren, beren, bern
- Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
- Old Norse: berja
- Icelandic: berja
- Faroese: berja
- Old Swedish: bæria
- Swedish: bärja
- Old Danish: bærie
- Danish: bærje
- Elfdalian: berras
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*barjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*barjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37