< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/balwaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Unknown. Possibly related to Old Church Slavonic болѣти (bolěti, “to be sick, be in pain”), Cornish bal (“disease”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbɑl.wɑz/
Adjective
*balwaz
- sick
- bad, evil, wicked
- torturous, painful, agonising
Inflection
Declension of *balwaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *balwaz | *balwai | *balwō | *balwôz | *balwą, -atō | *balwō |
| Accusative | *balwanǭ | *balwanz | *balwǭ | *balwōz | *balwą, -atō | *balwō |
| Genitive | *balwas, -is | *balwaizǫ̂ | *balwaizōz | *balwaizǫ̂ | *balwas, -is | *balwaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *balwammai | *balwaimaz | *balwaizōi | *balwaimaz | *balwammai | *balwaimaz |
| Instrumental | *balwanō | *balwaimiz | *balwaizō | *balwaimiz | *balwanō | *balwaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *balwô | *balwaniz | *balwǭ | *balwōniz | *balwô | *balwōnō |
| Accusative | *balwanų | *balwanunz | *balwōnų | *balwōnunz | *balwô | *balwōnō |
| Genitive | *balwiniz | *balwanǫ̂ | *balwōniz | *balwōnǫ̂ | *balwiniz | *balwanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *balwini | *balwammaz | *balwōni | *balwōmaz | *balwini | *balwammaz |
| Instrumental | *balwinē | *balwammiz | *balwōnē | *balwōmiz | *balwinē | *balwammiz |
Related terms
- *balwą
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *balu
- Old English: bealu, bealuful, bealodǣd (< *balwadēdiz)
- Scots: balefull, bailfull
- English: baleful
- Old Frisian: *balu
- Old Saxon: *balu-, baluhugdig (< *balwa-hugd-īgaz), balodād (< *balwadēdiz)
- Middle Low German: bal-, bale-
- Low German: bale-
- Middle Low German: bal-, bale-
- ⇒ Old Dutch: *balodāt (< *balwadēdiz)
- Middle Dutch: *bal(e)dadich, baeldadichede
- Dutch: baldadig, balorig, balsturig
- Middle Dutch: *bal(e)dadich, baeldadichede
- Old High German: balotāt (< *balwadēdiz)
- Middle High German: *bale, *bal (in derivatives: balheit, balrāt, etc.)
- Old English: bealu, bealuful, bealodǣd (< *balwadēdiz)
- Old Norse: *bǫlvíss
- Icelandic: bölvís
- Gothic: *𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃 (*balus) (in 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌰𐍅𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹 (balwawēsei) (< *balwa-wēs-); 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balwjan))
References
- Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “baldadig”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press