Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/auk

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, again”) + *ge (intensifier); compare Ancient Greek αὖ (aû, “again”), γε (ge, “at least, at any rate”), also found as Ancient Greek αὖγε (aûge).[1] But compare also Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑu̯k/

Adverb

*auk[1][2]

also, too
furthermore, in addition

Related terms

*aukaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *auk
- Old English: ēac
  - Middle English: ek, eek, eke
    - Scots: eik, ek
    - English: eke
    - ⇒ Middle English: ekename
      - ⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)
- Old Frisian: āk
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: uk
  - Saterland Frisian: uk, ook
  - West Frisian: ek
- Old Saxon: ōk
  - Middle Low German: ōk
    - Dutch Low Saxon: ok, ook
    - German Low German: ok, auk, ock, ohk, ook
    - Plautdietsch: uk
- Old Dutch: ōk, ouk, ouch
  - Middle Dutch: ooc
    - Dutch: ook
      - Afrikaans: ook
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: oko
      - Jersey Dutch: ôk
      - Negerhollands: ook
      - Petjo: ook
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: oak
    - West Flemish: wok
- Old High German: ouh
  - Middle High German: ouch
    - Alemannic German: au
    - Alemannic German: ou
    - Cimbrian: òch
    - German: auch
    - Luxembourgish: och
    - Hunsrik: aach
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: aa
    - Yiddish: אויך‎ (oykh)
Old Norse: auk, ok
- Icelandic: auk, og
- Faroese: og
- Norwegian Nynorsk: og, au, aug; (dialectal) ok, auk, ug
- Norwegian Bokmål: og, òg, au
- Jamtish: og
- Elfdalian: og
- Westrobothnian: åg
- Old Swedish: ok, oc, och, ogh
  - Swedish: och, ock
- Old Danish: oc
  - Danish: og
- → Middle English: oc, ok
  - ⇒ Scots: okname, ockname
Gothic: 𐌰𐌿𐌺 (auk)

Conjunction

*auk[1]

and
Synonyms: *andi, *jahw
but also

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*auke”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 42
Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 172: “PGmc *auk”

[EDPG-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*auke”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 42

[2] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 172: “PGmc *auk”