< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-atjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-dyé- (verbal suffix). Cognate with Ancient Greek -άζω (-ázō).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*-atjaną
- Creates verbs from nouns and adjectives, similar to -ise.
- Creates intensive verbs from other verbs.
Inflection
Judging from the inflection of this suffix in Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (kaupastēdun) and 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌹 (kaupastēdi), the past lacked the suffix -i- and was therefore inflected like a j-present. The past participle of that same Gothic verb, attested once in the form 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌹 (kaupatidai), irregularly deviates from the rest of the past tense forms.
Conjugation of *-atjaną (weak class 1 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *-atjō | *-atjaų | — | *-atjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *-atisi | *-atjais | *-ati | *-atjasai | *-atjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *-atiþi | *-atjai | *-atjaþau | *-atjaþai | *-atjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *-atjōs | *-atjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *-atjaþiz | *-atjaiþiz | *-atjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *-atjamaz | *-atjaim | — | *-atjanþai | *-atjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *-atiþ | *-atjaiþ | *-atiþ | *-atjanþai | *-atjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *-atjanþi | *-atjain | *-atjanþau | *-atjanþai | *-atjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *-astǭ | *-astēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *-astēz | *-astēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *-astē | *-astēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *-astēdū | *-astēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *-astēdudiz | *-astēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *-astēdum | *-astēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *-astēdud | *-astēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *-astēdun | *-astēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *-atjandz | *-atidaz | |||
Derived terms
Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-atjaną
Related terms
- *-atją
- *-itją
- *-utją
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *-attjan
- Old English: -ettan
- Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely); grunten (from Old English grunnettan); spouten,
- English: yeet, grunt, fidget (possibly), spout, botch, haunt (via French)
- Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely); grunten (from Old English grunnettan); spouten,
- Old High German: -azzen, -ezzen
- Middle High German: -zen, -sen
- German: -sen, -zen
- Middle High German: -zen, -sen
- Old English: -ettan
- Old Norse: -ta
- Icelandic: -ta
- Faroese: -ta
- Norwegian: -te, -ta
- Old Swedish: -ta
- Swedish: -ta
- Danish: -te
- Gothic: -𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-atjan)