Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/askǭ
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Usually connected to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e(H)s- (“to dry, burn”), with an uncertain suffix; compare Old Armenian աճիւն (ačiwn, “ashes”). In view of the voiced cluster in Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō), Kroonen suggests a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed- (“to dry”) + *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”), the first element of which is based on Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒋾 (ḫa-a-ti /ḫāti/) and Ancient Greek ἄζω (ázō), both “to dry up”.[1] Compare also Old Polish ozd, Czech ozditi (“to dry malt”), which could point to a root *h₂esd- or compound *h₂(H)s-d-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː/
Noun
*askǭ f[1]
- ash, ashes
Inflection
Verner alternation was preserved in this noun, so that some forms had the stem *azg-; however, the distribution of the alternants is currently unknown.
ōn-stemDeclension of *askǭ (ōn-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *askǭ | *askōniz | |
vocative | *askǭ | *askōniz | |
accusative | *askōnų | *askōnunz | |
genitive | *askōniz | *askōnǫ̂ | |
dative | *askōni | *askōmaz | |
instrumental | *askōnē | *askōmiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *askā
- Old English: æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe
- Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
- English: ash
- Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis
- Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)
- Middle English: asshe, axe, aske, ash, assche, aysshe, asche, aisshe, asske, acxe, ass, esche, esk, eshe
- Old Frisian: *aske, *eske
- Saterland Frisian: Ääske
- West Frisian: jiske
- Old Saxon: aska
- Middle Low German: asche
- German Low German: Asch
- Plautdietsch: Ausch
- Middle Low German: asche
- Old Dutch: *aska
- Middle Dutch: asche
- Dutch: as
- Afrikaans: as
- Berbice Creole Dutch: asi
- Negerhollands: haschěsis, hassesje, assche, ašiši, hašiši, haši, babaši, aschies, assisje, az
- Dutch: as
- Middle Dutch: asche
- Old High German: asca, aska
- Middle High German: asche
- Alemannic German: Äsche
- Cimbrian: èssa
- German: Asche
- Luxembourgish: Äsch
- Vilamovian: oś
- Yiddish: אַש (ash)
- → Italian: lasca
- Middle High German: asche
- Old English: æsce, asċe, axe, acse, ahse, axse, æxe
- Old Norse: aska
- Icelandic: aska
- Faroese: øska
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: aske
- Nynorsk: oske, oska
- Old Swedish: aska
- Swedish: aska
- Old Danish: askæ
- Danish: aske
- Gothic: 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō)
- → Proto-Finnic: *ahku, *aho (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*askōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 38