< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/armaz
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑr.mɑz/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érmos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, from the root *h₂er-. Cognate with Lithuanian ìrmėdė (“gout”), Old Prussian irmo (“arm”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós), Latin armus, Proto-Slavic *òrmo (“shoulder”), Sanskrit ईर्म (īrmá, “arm”).
Noun
*armaz m[1]
- arm
Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *armaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *armaz | *armōz, *armōs | |
vocative | *arm | *armōz, *armōs | |
accusative | *armą | *armanz | |
genitive | *armas, *armis | *armǫ̂ | |
dative | *armai | *armamaz | |
instrumental | *armō | *armamiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arm
- Old English: earm, arm
- Middle English: arm
- English: arm
- Scots: airm
- Yola: arrm
- Middle English: arm
- Old Frisian: erm
- North Frisian:
- Föhr-Amrum: iarem
- Halligen: eerm
- Heligoland: iaarem
- Mooring: ärm
- Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm
- West Frisian: earm
- North Frisian:
- Old Saxon: arm
- Middle Low German: arm
- Low German:
- German Low German:
- Hamburgisch: Arm
- Westphalian:
- Ravensbergisch: Ārm
- Lippisch: Arm
- Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm
- Westmünsterländisch: Arm
- Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm
- German Low German:
- Low German:
- Middle Low German: arm
- Old Dutch: arm
- Middle Dutch: arm
- Dutch: arm
- Afrikaans: arm
- Javindo: arrem
- Negerhollands: arm, erm
- Limburgish: erm
- Dutch: arm
- Middle Dutch: arm
- Old High German: arm, aram, arma
- Middle High German: arm, arn
- Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
- Bavarian: Oarm
- Cimbrian: arm
- Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm
- Hunsrik: Aarem
- German: Arm
- Luxembourgish: Aarm
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: Aarm
- Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
- Middle High German: arm, arn
- Old English: earm, arm
- Old Norse: armr
- Icelandic: armur
- Faroese: armur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: arm; (dialectal) arm’e
- Westrobothnian: arm, ærm, ärm
- Old Swedish: armber
- Swedish: arm
- Danish: arm
- Norwegian Bokmål: arm
- Gutnish: arm, harm
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅕𒈠𒀭 (erman, “sickness”). Alternatively[2], from Pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰmos, with loss of -b- before -m-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, whence English orphan. Compare the Norse variant aumr, as from *arbmaz with no loss of -b-, which mirrors the dissimilation of Old Norse haustr from *harbistaz.
Adjective
*armaz (comparative *armōzô, superlative *armōstaz)[2]
- poor, miserable
- pitiful, pitiable
Inflection
Declension of *armaz (a-stem)
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *armaz | *armai | *armō | *armôz | *armą, -atō | *armō |
Accusative | *armanǭ | *armanz | *armǭ | *armōz | *armą, -atō | *armō |
Genitive | *armas, -is | *armaizǫ̂ | *armaizōz | *armaizǫ̂ | *armas, -is | *armaizǫ̂ |
Dative | *armammai | *armaimaz | *armaizōi | *armaimaz | *armammai | *armaimaz |
Instrumental | *armanō | *armaimiz | *armaizō | *armaimiz | *armanō | *armaimiz |
Weak declension | ||||||
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *armô | *armaniz | *armǭ | *armōniz | *armô | *armōnō |
Accusative | *armanų | *armanunz | *armōnų | *armōnunz | *armô | *armōnō |
Genitive | *arminiz | *armanǫ̂ | *armōniz | *armōnǫ̂ | *arminiz | *armanǫ̂ |
Dative | *armini | *armammaz | *armōni | *armōmaz | *armini | *armammaz |
Instrumental | *arminē | *armammiz | *armōnē | *armōmiz | *arminē | *armammiz |
Derived terms
- *armāną
- *armijaną
- *armōdiją
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arm
- Old English: earm
- Middle English: arm
- Scots: arm
- Middle English: arm
- Old Frisian: erm
- Saterland Frisian: äärm
- West Frisian: earm
- Old Saxon: *arm
- Middle Low German: arm
- German Low German: arm
- Plautdietsch: oam, oarm
- Middle Low German: arm
- Old Dutch: arm
- Middle Dutch: arm
- Dutch: arm
- Afrikaans: arm
- Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
- Jersey Dutch: arm
- Negerhollands: aerm
- Petjo: arm
- Limburgish: erm
- Dutch: arm
- Middle Dutch: arm
- Old High German: arm
- Middle High German: arm
- Cimbrian: arm
- German: arm
- Luxembourgish: aarm
- Plautdietsch: aarem
- Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
- Middle High German: arm
- Old English: earm
- Old Norse: armr
- Danish: arm
- Faroese: armur
- Icelandic: armur
- Norwegian Bokmål: arm
- Norwegian Nynorsk: arm
- Swedish: arm
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)
- → Proto-Finnic: *armas, *armo
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arma- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35