< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti, from *h₂erh₃-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*arjaną[1]
- to plough/plow
Inflection
The past is reduplicated; otherwise, based on the root’s shape, one would expect a class 6-type form **ōr-. The class 7 past is based on a single attested strong iarun ‘they plowed’ in Old High German; the past is weak or unattested in all other languages.
Conjugation of *arjaną (strong class 7 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *arjō | *arjaų | — | *arjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *arisi | *arjais | *ari | *arjasai | *arjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *ariþi | *arjai | *arjaþau | *arjaþai | *arjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *arjōs | *arjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *arjaþiz | *arjaiþiz | *arjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *arjamaz | *arjaim | — | *arjanþai | *arjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *ariþ | *arjaiþ | *ariþ | *arjanþai | *arjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *arjanþi | *arjain | *arjanþau | *arjanþai | *arjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *ear | *earį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *eart | *earīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *ear | *earī | |||
| 1st dual | *earū | *earīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *earudiz | *earīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *earum | *earīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *earud | *earīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *earun | *earīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *arjandz | *aranaz | |||
Related terms
- *arþrą
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arjan
- Old English: erian
- Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen; ærien, erien
- English: ear (archaic)
- Scots: ear
- Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen; ærien, erien
- Old Frisian: era, ara
- Old Saxon: erian
- Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
- Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
- Old High German: erien, erren
- Middle High German: ern
- Old English: erian
- Old Norse: erja
- Icelandic: erja
- Old Swedish: æria
- Swedish: ärja
- Old Danish: æriæ
- Danish: ærje
- Westrobothnian: aria (1700s)
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arjan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34