< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/argaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orǵʰ-, *h₃erǵʰ- (“to copulate”). Cognate with Lithuanian aržùs, Russian ёрзать (jórzatʹ).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑr.ɣɑz/
Adjective
*argaz[1]
- unmanly, cowardly, unworthy, indecent
Inflection
Declension of *argaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *argaz | *argai | *argō | *argôz | *argą, -atō | *argō |
| Accusative | *arganǭ | *arganz | *argǭ | *argōz | *argą, -atō | *argō |
| Genitive | *argas, -is | *argaizǫ̂ | *argaizōz | *argaizǫ̂ | *argas, -is | *argaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *argammai | *argaimaz | *argaizōi | *argaimaz | *argammai | *argaimaz |
| Instrumental | *arganō | *argaimiz | *argaizō | *argaimiz | *arganō | *argaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *argô | *arganiz | *argǭ | *argōniz | *argô | *argōnō |
| Accusative | *arganų | *arganunz | *argōnų | *argōnunz | *argô | *argōnō |
| Genitive | *arginiz | *arganǫ̂ | *argōniz | *argōnǫ̂ | *arginiz | *arganǫ̂ |
| Dative | *argini | *argammaz | *argōni | *argōmaz | *argini | *argammaz |
| Instrumental | *arginē | *argammiz | *argōnē | *argōmiz | *arginē | *argammiz |
Derived terms
- *argį̄
- *argijaną
- *argijǭ
- *argiþō
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arg
- Old English: earg
- Middle English: arg, argh, eri
- Early Scots: argh, arch
- Scots: ergh, erfe, erf
- English: argh, eerie
- Early Scots: argh, arch
- Middle English: arg, argh, eri
- Old Frisian: erch, erg
- Saterland Frisian: äärch
- West Frisian: erch, arch
- Old Saxon: *arug, *arg
- Middle Low German: arich, arch
- Low German: arg
- Middle Low German: arich, arch
- Old Dutch: arug, *arg
- Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
- Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)
- Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
- Old High German: arg, arc, arga
- Middle High German: arc
- Alemannic German: arg, arig
- Swabian: arg
- Bavarian: oarg
- Central Franconian: ärch, arch
- Hunsrik: aarich
- German: arg
- Luxembourgish: uerg
- Rhine Franconian:
- Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
- Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
- → Medieval Latin: arga
- Alemannic German: arg, arig
- Middle High German: arc
- Old English: earg
- Old Norse: argr
- ⇒ Old Norse: ragr
- Icelandic: ragur
- Icelandic: argur
- Faroese: argur
- Old Swedish: argher
- Swedish: arg
- Danish: arg
- → Scots: arg, arga
- ⇒ Old Norse: ragr
- Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*args)
- → Spanish: haragán
- → Proto-Finnic: *arka
- Estonian: arg
- Finnish: arka
- Ingrian: arga
- Karelian: arga
- Livonian: ārga
- Ludian: arg
- Veps: arg
- Votic: arkõ
- → Proto-Samic: *ārkē
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 34