< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidōną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *arbaidiz (“labour, work, hardship”) + *-ōną, or from *arbaidiją + *-ōną
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðɔː.nɑ̃/
Verb
*arbaidōną[1]
- to work, to labour
- to toil
Inflection
Conjugation of *arbaidōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *arbaidō | *arbaidǭ | — | *arbaidōi | *? |
| 2nd singular | *arbaidōsi | *arbaidōs | *arbaidō | *arbaidōsai | *arbaidōsau |
| 3rd singular | *arbaidōþi | *arbaidō | *arbaidōþau | *arbaidōþai | *arbaidōþau |
| 1st dual | *arbaidōs | *arbaidōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *arbaidōþiz | *arbaidōþiz | *arbaidōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *arbaidōmaz | *arbaidōm | — | *arbaidōnþai | *arbaidōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *arbaidōþ | *arbaidōþ | *arbaidōþ | *arbaidōnþai | *arbaidōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *arbaidōnþi | *arbaidōn | *arbaidōnþau | *arbaidōnþai | *arbaidōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *arbaidōdǭ | *arbaidōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *arbaidōdēz | *arbaidōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *arbaidōdē | *arbaidōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *arbaidōdēdū | *arbaidōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *arbaidōdēdudiz | *arbaidōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *arbaidōdēdum | *arbaidōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *arbaidōdēdud | *arbaidōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *arbaidōdēdun | *arbaidōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *arbaidōndz | *arbaidōdaz | |||
Related terms
- *arbaidijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arbaidōn
- Old English: earfodian
- Old Frisian: arbêdia
- Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
- West Frisian: arbeidzje
- Old Saxon: arvidōn
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
- Low German: arbeiden
- → Danish: arbejde
- → Faroese: arbeiða
- → Norwegian: arbeide, arbeida
- → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
- Swedish: arbeta
- → Westrobothnian: arbait
- Low German: arbeiden
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
- Old High German: arabeitōn, arbeitōn
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
- Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
- Cimbrian: arbatn, èrbatan
- Kölsch: arbigge
- German: arbeiten
- Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn)
- Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten (merged with the descendant of *arbaidijan)
- Old Norse: erfiða
- Icelandic: erfiða
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) , “*arbaidōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 22