< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”). Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/
Noun
*arbaidiz f[1][2]
- labour, work, toil
- hardship, suffering
Inflection
i-stemDeclension of *arbaidiz (i-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *arbaidiz | *arbaidīz | |
vocative | *arbaidi | *arbaidīz | |
accusative | *arbaidį | *arbaidinz | |
genitive | *arbaidīz | *arbaidijǫ̂ | |
dative | *arbaidī | *arbaidimaz | |
instrumental | *arbaidī | *arbaidimiz |
Derived terms
- *arbaidiją
- *arbaidijaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
- Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
- Middle English: arveð
- Old Frisian: arbēd
- Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
- West Frisian: arbeid
- Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
- Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
- German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
- → Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
- → Faroese: arbeiði
- → Norwegian: arbeid
- → Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
- Swedish: arbete
- → Danish: arbejde
- Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
- Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
- Middle Dutch: arbeit
- Dutch: arbeid
- Afrikaans: arbeid
- Limburgish: arbeid
- Dutch: arbeid
- Middle Dutch: arbeit
- Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
- Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
- Bavarian:
- Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot
- Mòcheno: òrbet
- Hunsrik: Aarvet
- Upper Saxon: Orbeid
- German: Arbeit
- → Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
- → Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
- Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
- Rhine Franconian:
- Hessian: Abeit
- Pennsylvania German: Arewet
- Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)
- Bavarian:
- Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
- Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arbaidi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 33
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*arbaidiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 22