< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *arbaidiz (“labour, work, toil, hardship, suffering”) + *-janą (“a verb suffix”).
Verb
*arbaidijaną
- to work
Inflection
Conjugation of *arbaidijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *arbaidijō | *arbaidijaų | — | *arbaidijai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *arbaidīsi | *arbaidijais | *arbaidī | *arbaidijasai | *arbaidijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *arbaidīþi | *arbaidijai | *arbaidijaþau | *arbaidijaþai | *arbaidijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *arbaidijōs | *arbaidijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *arbaidijaþiz | *arbaidijaiþiz | *arbaidijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *arbaidijamaz | *arbaidijaim | — | *arbaidijanþai | *arbaidijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *arbaidīþ | *arbaidijaiþ | *arbaidīþ | *arbaidijanþai | *arbaidijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *arbaidijanþi | *arbaidijain | *arbaidijanþau | *arbaidijanþai | *arbaidijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *arbaididǭ | *arbaididēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *arbaididēz | *arbaididēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *arbaididē | *arbaididēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *arbaididēdū | *arbaididēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *arbaididēdudiz | *arbaididēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *arbaididēdum | *arbaididēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *arbaididēdud | *arbaididēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *arbaididēdun | *arbaididēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *arbaidijandz | *arbaididaz | |||
Descendants
- Old Frisian: [Term?]
- Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
- West Frisian: arbeidzje
- Old Saxon: arvēdian (“to offer”)
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (“to work”)
- Low German: arbeiden, arbaiden
- → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
- Swedish: arbeta (“to work”)
- → Danish: arbejde (“to work”)
- → Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: arbeide (“to work”)
- Norwegian Nynorsk: arbeida, arbeide (“to work”)
- → Faroese: arbeiða (“to work”)
- → Westrobothnian: arbait (“to work”)
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (“to work”)
- Old Dutch: [Term?]
- Middle Dutch: arbeiden
- Dutch: arbeiden (“to work”)
- Middle Dutch: arbeiden
- Old High German: arabeitjan, arabeiton, arabeiten, arbeiten
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten
- Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
- Cimbrian: arbatn
- Central Franconian:
- Kölsch: arbigge
- German: arbeiten (“to work”)
- Yiddish: אַרבעטן (arbetn, “to work”)
- Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten
- Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arbaidjan, “to work, toil, strive, struggle”)