< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akwisī
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From apparent pre-Germanic *h₂egʷésih₂ (“axe”), which along with Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη (axī́nē) and Latin ascia is probably a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language. Compare also Akkadian 𒍏𒄩𒍣𒅔 (ḫaṣṣinnum), Aramaic חצינא (ḥăṣṣīnā).
Noun
*akwisī f[1]
- axe
- Synonyms: *adisô, *bardō, *bardǭ, *bīþlaz
Inflection
Ablaut was preserved in this noun: full-grade -wi- in the nominative and vocative alternated with zero-grade -u- in the rest of the paradigm.[2]
ī/jō-stemDeclension of *akwisī (ī/jō-stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *akwisī | *akuzijôz | |
vocative | *akwisī | *akuzijôz | |
accusative | *akuzijǭ | *akuzijōz | |
genitive | *akuzijōz | *akuzijǫ̂ | |
dative | *akuzijōi | *akuzijōmaz | |
instrumental | *akuzijō | *akuzijōmiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *akusi
- Old English: æx, æces, acas
- Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe; æxæ, æxe
- English: axe, ax
- Scots: aix
- Middle English: ax, axe, ex, exe; æxæ, æxe
- Old Frisian: axa
- Saterland Frisian: Äkse
- Old Saxon: akus
- Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
- Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
- Westphalian:
- Märkisch: Akes
- Westphalian:
- Plautdietsch: Akjs
- Low German: Ax, Äx, Ex
- Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, akes
- Old Dutch: *akus, *acus
- Middle Dutch: aex
- Dutch: aks, akst
- Middle Dutch: aex
- Old High German: ackis, ackus
- Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
- German: Axt
- Luxembourgish: Aaxt
- Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt
- Old English: æx, æces, acas
- Old Norse: øx, ǫx
- Icelandic: öxi, exi, öx
- Faroese: øks
- Norwegian: øks
- Old Swedish: øx, øxa
- Swedish: yxa
- Old Danish: øx, øxæ
- Danish: økse
- Westrobothnian: öks, yks, iks
- Elfdalian: öks
- Old Gutnish: yxi
- Gutnish: yx
- Scanian: yğsa
- Gothic: 𐌰𐌵𐌹𐌶𐌹 (aqizi)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*akwesī-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 19
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 270