< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/tunkedak
 | This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Related to Proto-Samic *coŋkëtēk. According to Koivulehto, the term represents a borrowing from an older form of Proto-Germanic *þwinganą (whence German zwingen, Swedish tvinga).[1] LÄGLOS however disputes this;[2] Saarikivi instead suggests a possible connection with Komi-Zyrian чыгӧм (čygöm) and Hungarian dug, suggesting inheritance from Proto-Finno-Ugric *tuŋke- or *čuŋke- (uncertain which is the original, or whether they are two separate words).[3]
Verb
*tunkedak (stem *tunke-)
- to cram
Inflection
Inflection of *tunkedak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *tungen | *tungin | — | *tunkegon |
| 2nd sing. | *tunget | *tungit | *tungek | *tunkegos |
| 3rd sing. | *tunkebi *tunki | *tunki | *tunkegasen | *tunkegosen |
| 1st plur. | *tungekmek *tungekmak | *tunkimek *tunkimak | *tunkegatemek *tunkegatamak | *tunkegotemek *tunkegotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *tungektek *tungektak | *tunkidek *tunkidak | *tunkegate *tunkegata | *tunkegot'ek *tunkegotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *tunkebat *tunki | *tunki | *tunkegasen | *tunkegosen |
| passive | *tungeksen | *tunkedisen *tungettisen | *tunkedakahen *tungettakahen | *tunkedakohen *tungettakohen |
| connegative | *tungek | — | *tunkegak | *tunkegok |
| passive connegative | *tungektak | — | *tunkedagak *tungettagak | *tunkedagok *tungettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *tungekcin | *tunkicin | *tunkenen | |
| 2nd sing. | *tungekcit | *tunkicit | *tunkenet | |
| 3rd sing. | *tungekci | *tunkici | *tunkeni | |
| 1st plur. | *tungekcimek *tungekcimak | *tunkicimek *tunkicimak | *tunkenemek *tunkenemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *tungekcidek *tungekcidak | *tunkicidek *tunkicidak | *tunkenedek *tunkenedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *tungekci | *tunkici | *tunkeni | |
| passive | *tunkedakcihen *tunget'akcihen | *tunkedicihen *tungetticihen | *tunkedanehen *tungettanehen | |
| connegative | *tungekcik | *tunkicik | *tunkenek | |
| passive connegative | *tunkedakcik *tunget'akcik | *tunkedicik *tungetticik | *tunkedanek *tungettanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *tunkedak | present | *tunkeba | *tunkedapa *tungettapa |
| infinitive 2 | *tunkede- | past | *tunkenut | *tunkedu *tungettu |
| gerund/supine | *tunkema | |||
| action noun | *tunkeminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: tungima/tungida (from *tunkidak)
- → Votic: (Jõgõperä) tunkia
- Finnish: tunkea
- Karelian: tunkie
- Ludian: tungeda
- Veps: tunkta
- Votic: (Mati) tungõtõ (from *tunget'ak)
References
- Koivulehto, Jorma (2009), “Etymologisesti hämäriä -(is)tA-johdosverbejä,lainoja ja omapohjaisia”, in Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja (PDF, in Finnish), volume 92, Finno-Ugrian Society, DOI:, pages 72–109
- Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Saarikivi, Janne (2007), “Uusia vanhoja sanoja”, in Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (PDF, in Finnish), volume 253, Finno-Ugrian Society, ISSN 0355-0230, pages 325–347