< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-t'ak
 | This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
Originally a variant of *-tadak when attached to vowel stems and landing on an old syllable, while *-tadak would have been on even syllables or when attached to consonant stems.
Suffix
*-t'ak (stem *-da-)
- Forms verbs from nominal stems, generally with a causative, factitive or instrumental meaning.
Inflection
Inflection of *-t'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-dän | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-dät | *-cit | *-däk | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-däpi *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| 1st plur. | *-däkmek *-däkmak | *-cimek *-cimak | *-tkatemek *-tkatamak | *-tkotemek *-tkotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *-däktek *-däktak | *-cidek *-cidak | *-tkate *-tkata | *-tkot'ek *-tkotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *-däbat *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| passive | *-däksen | *-ttisen *-dättihen | *-ttakahen *-dättagasen | *-ttakohen *-dättagosen |
| connegative | *-däk | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-däktak | — | *-ttagak *-dättagak | *-ttagok *-dättagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-däkcin | *-cicin | *-nnen | |
| 2nd sing. | *-däkcit | *-cicit | *-nnet | |
| 3rd sing. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-däkcimek *-däkcimak | *-cicimek *-cicimak | *-nnemek *-nnemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkcidek *-däkcidak | *-cicidek *-cicidak | *-nnedek *-nnedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihen *-dät'akcisen | *-tticihen *-dätticisen | *-ttanehen *-dättanesen | |
| connegative | *-däkcik | *-cicik | *-nnek | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-dät'akcik | *-tticik *-dätticik | *-ttanek *-dättanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-däpa | *-ttapa *-dättaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-tte- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dättu |
| gerund/supine | *-däma | |||
| action noun | *-däminen | |||
Derived terms
Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-t'ak (causative)
Descendants
- Estonian: -ma, -da
- Finnish: -ta
Etymology 2
A later development from etymology 1 by analogy with causative derivatives using *-ttadak, thus analogously making the shorter suffix anticausative.[1]
Suffix
*-t'ak (stem *-da-)
- Forms verbs from stems, generally with a translative or reflexive meaning.
Reconstruction notes
Hakulinen (1979) distinguishes between *-da- stems and *-de- stems (the latter of which would include *halget'ak and *katket'ak),[2] after Rapola (1922).[3] However, YSuS reconstructs both verbs with *-da-, so reconstructing this distinction already in Proto-Finnic appears to be considered obsolete (if it ever existed, it would instead be later secondary development).
Inflection
Inflection of *-t'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-dän | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-dät | *-cit | *-däk | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-däpi *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| 1st plur. | *-däkmek *-däkmak | *-cimek *-cimak | *-tkatemek *-tkatamak | *-tkotemek *-tkotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *-däktek *-däktak | *-cidek *-cidak | *-tkate *-tkata | *-tkot'ek *-tkotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *-däbat *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| passive | *-däksen | *-ttisen *-dättihen | *-ttakahen *-dättagasen | *-ttakohen *-dättagosen |
| connegative | *-däk | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-däktak | — | *-ttagak *-dättagak | *-ttagok *-dättagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-däkcin | *-cicin | *-nnen | |
| 2nd sing. | *-däkcit | *-cicit | *-nnet | |
| 3rd sing. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-däkcimek *-däkcimak | *-cicimek *-cicimak | *-nnemek *-nnemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkcidek *-däkcidak | *-cicidek *-cicidak | *-nnedek *-nnedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihen *-dät'akcisen | *-tticihen *-dätticisen | *-ttanehen *-dättanesen | |
| connegative | *-däkcik | *-cicik | *-nnek | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-dät'akcik | *-tticik *-dätticik | *-ttanek *-dättanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-däpa | *-ttapa *-dättaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-tte- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dättu |
| gerund/supine | *-däma | |||
| action noun | *-däminen | |||
Derived terms
Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-t'ak (translative, -da-)
- *halget'ak
- *higot'ak
- *katket'ak
- (*katodak →) *kadot'ak
- *pudot'ak
Descendants
- Finnish: -ta (somewhat conflated with etymology 1)
Etymology 3
From Proto-Uralic *-me-.
The change *m > *n is likely by analogy with the passive and participle stems, as well as the causative *-ntadak, where the added *-t- incurred a regular *mt > *nt. This change was then generalized to other forms.
The consonant stem, i.e. the stem when followed by a *t (such as in the passive and infinitive forms) or *k (in the imperative forms), has been reformed to *-d- (*-t'-, *-tk-), due to confusion with verbs using the suffix *-nte-[4] (*-t'ak (reflexive) added to -n- stems). The first infinitive form would have, with this ending, become *-nt(e)-dak > *-nt'ak > *-t'ak (with simplification of the then phonotactically impossible cluster *nt': compare *kattadak < *kanci).
Like *-ldak and the comparative ending *-mpi (which see for more), this verb consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-.
Suffix
*-t'ak (stem *-ne-)
- Forms verbs from stems, generally with a translative or reflexive meaning.
Inflection
Inflection of *-t'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-nen | *-nin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-net | *-nit | *-nek | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-nepi *-n | *-ni | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| 1st plur. | *-nekmek *-nekmak | *-nimek *-nimak | *-tkatemek *-tkatamak | *-tkotemek *-tkotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *-nektek *-nektak | *-nidek *-nidak | *-tkate *-tkata | *-tkot'ek *-tkotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *-nebat *-n | *-ni | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| passive | *-neksen | *-ttisen *-nettihen | *-ttakahen *-nettagasen | *-ttakohen *-nettagosen |
| connegative | *-nek | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-nektak | — | *-ttagak *-nettagak | *-ttagok *-nettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-nekcin | *-nicin | *-nnen | |
| 2nd sing. | *-nekcit | *-nicit | *-nnet | |
| 3rd sing. | *-nekci | *-nici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-nekcimek *-nekcimak | *-nicimek *-nicimak | *-nnemek *-nnemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *-nekcidek *-nekcidak | *-nicidek *-nicidak | *-nnedek *-nnedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *-nekci | *-nici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihen *-net'akcisen | *-tticihen *-netticisen | *-ttanehen *-nettanesen | |
| connegative | *-nekcik | *-nicik | *-nnek | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-net'akcik | *-tticik *-netticik | *-ttanek *-nettanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-nepa | *-ttapa *-nettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-tte- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-nettu |
| gerund/supine | *-nema | |||
| action noun | *-neminen | |||
Derived terms
Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-t'ak (translative, -ne-)
- *valget'ak
Descendants
- Estonian: -nema, -neda (consonant stem reformed by analogy)
- Finnish: -(e)ta
- Ingrian: -(e)ta
- Karelian: -(e)ta
- >? Livonian: -mtõ
- Veps: -ta
- Votic: -(e)ta
- Võro: -daq, -nõdaq
Etymology 4
From Proto-Finno-Permic *-te-. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-tëtēk (in e.g. Northern Sami geassádit).
Suffix
*-t'ak (stem *-de-)
- Forms reflexive verbs.
Usage notes
This suffix *-te- > *-de- is often reduced to simply -i- in descendants. This is regular (compare, for instance, the genitive plural ending *-den becoming -in in Finnish, like in *kaladen > kalain, now dialectal).
Inflection
Inflection of *-t'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-den | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-det | *-cit | *-dek | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-depi *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| 1st plur. | *-dekmek *-dekmak | *-cimek *-cimak | *-tkatemek *-tkatamak | *-tkotemek *-tkotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *-dektek *-dektak | *-cidek *-cidak | *-tkate *-tkata | *-tkot'ek *-tkotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *-debat *-t | *-ci | *-tkasen | *-tkosen |
| passive | *-deksen | *-ttisen *-dettihen | *-ttakahen *-dettagasen | *-ttakohen *-dettagosen |
| connegative | *-dek | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-dektak | — | *-ttagak *-dettagak | *-ttagok *-dettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-dekcin | *-cicin | *-nnen | |
| 2nd sing. | *-dekcit | *-cicit | *-nnet | |
| 3rd sing. | *-dekci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-dekcimek *-dekcimak | *-cicimek *-cicimak | *-nnemek *-nnemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *-dekcidek *-dekcidak | *-cicidek *-cicidak | *-nnedek *-nnedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *-dekci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihen *-det'akcisen | *-tticihen *-detticisen | *-ttanehen *-dettanesen | |
| connegative | *-dekcik | *-cicik | *-nnek | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-det'akcik | *-tticik *-detticik | *-ttanek *-dettanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-depa | *-ttapa *-dettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-tte- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dettu |
| gerund/supine | *-dema | |||
| action noun | *-deminen | |||
Secondary stem variant *-tte-, *-t'e-.
Descendants
- Finnish: -ida, -ita (dialectal; e.g. first infinitive "heittäidä" or "heittäitä", first-person singular indicative present "hei(t)täin")
- Ingrian: -issa (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)
- Votic: -ssõ (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)
Etymology 5
From Proto-Uralic *-nte-.
Suffix
*-t'ak (stem *-nte-)
- Forms frequentative verbs.
Inflection
Inflection of *-t'ak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-nden | *-ncin | — | *-ntegon |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndet | *-ncit | *-ndek | *-ntegos |
| 3rd sing. | *-ntepi *-c | *-nci | *-ntekahen | *-ntekohen |
| 1st plur. | *-ndekmek *-ndekmak | *-ncimek *-ncimak | *-ntekademek *-ntekadamak | *-ntekodemek *-ntekodamak |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndektek *-ndektak | *-ncidek *-ncidak | *-ntekade *-ntekada | *-ntegot'ek *-ntekodadak |
| 3rd plur. | *-ntebat *-c | *-nci | *-ntekahen | *-ntekohen |
| passive | *-ndeksen | *-ttisen *-ndettihen | *-ttakahen *-ndettagasen | *-ttakohen *-ndettagosen |
| connegative | *-ndek | — | *-ntegak | *-ntegok |
| passive connegative | *-ndektak | — | *-ttagak *-ndettagak | *-ttagok *-ndettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-ndekcin | *-ncicin | *-nnen | |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndekcit | *-ncicit | *-nnet | |
| 3rd sing. | *-ndekci | *-ncici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-ndekcimek *-ndekcimak | *-ncicimek *-ncicimak | *-nnemek *-nnemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndekcidek *-ndekcidak | *-ncicidek *-ncicidak | *-nnedek *-nnedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *-ndekci | *-ncici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihen *-ndet'akcisen | *-tticihen *-ndetticisen | *-ttanehen *-ndettanesen | |
| connegative | *-ndekcik | *-ncicik | *-nnek | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-ndet'akcik | *-tticik *-ndetticik | *-ttanek *-ndettanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-ntepa | *-ttapa *-ndettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-tte- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-ndettu |
| gerund/supine | *-ntema | |||
| action noun | *-nteminen | |||
Descendants
- ⇒ Finnish: -nnella (stem -ntele- < *-nte-le-)
- ⇒ Veps: -gata (stem -ga(n)de- < *-ka-nte-, in verbs like helegata, varegata)
References
- Lehtinen, Tapani. Itämerensuomen passiivin alkuperästä. SKS, 1984.
- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
- Rapola, Martti. Pääpainottomain tavujen a-, ä-loppuiset vokaaliyhtymät suomen murteissa (1922)
- E. N. Setälä. Suomen passiivista. Virittäjä 19 (1915). p. 133–134.