< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kaivadak
 | This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *kajwa-. Cognates include Proto-Samic *koajvōtēk.
Verb
*kaivadak
- to dig up, to excavate
Inflection
Inflection of *kaivadak
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *kaivan | *kaivoin | — | *kaivagon |
| 2nd sing. | *kaivat | *kaivoit | *kaivak | *kaivagos |
| 3rd sing. | *kaivabi *kaiva | *kaivoi | *kaivagasen | *kaivagosen |
| 1st plur. | *kaivakmek *kaivakmak | *kaivoimek *kaivoimak | *kaivagatemek *kaivagatamak | *kaivagotemek *kaivagotamak |
| 2nd plur. | *kaivaktek *kaivaktak | *kaivoidek *kaivoidak | *kaivagate *kaivagata | *kaivagot'ek *kaivagotadak |
| 3rd plur. | *kaivabat *kaiva | *kaivoi | *kaivagasen | *kaivagosen |
| passive | *kaivaksen | *kaivadisen *kaivattisen | *kaivadakahen *kaivattakahen | *kaivadakohen *kaivattakohen |
| connegative | *kaivak | — | *kaivagak | *kaivagok |
| passive connegative | *kaivaktak | — | *kaivadagak *kaivattagak | *kaivadagok *kaivattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *kaivakcin | *kaivoicin | *kaivanen | |
| 2nd sing. | *kaivakcit | *kaivoicit | *kaivanet | |
| 3rd sing. | *kaivakci | *kaivoici | *kaivani | |
| 1st plur. | *kaivakcimek *kaivakcimak | *kaivoicimek *kaivoicimak | *kaivanemek *kaivanemak | |
| 2nd plur. | *kaivakcidek *kaivakcidak | *kaivoicidek *kaivoicidak | *kaivanedek *kaivanedak | |
| 3rd plur. | *kaivakci | *kaivoici | *kaivani | |
| passive | *kaivadakcihen *kaivat'akcihen | *kaivadicihen *kaivatticihen | *kaivadanehen *kaivattanehen | |
| connegative | *kaivakcik | *kaivoicik | *kaivanek | |
| passive connegative | *kaivadakcik *kaivat'akcik | *kaivadicik *kaivatticik | *kaivadanek *kaivattanek | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *kaivadak | present | *kaivaba | *kaivadapa *kaivattapa |
| infinitive 2 | *kaivade- | past | *kaivanut | *kaivadu *kaivattu |
| gerund/supine | *kaivama | |||
| action noun | *kaivaminen | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: kaevama/kaevata
- Finnish: kaivaa
- Karelian: kaivoa
- Livonian: kouv
- Ludian: kaivada
- Veps: kaida
- Võro: kaibma/kaibaq?
- Votic: kaivaa