Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-inen
 | This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Two distinct stems that have been conflated into a single paradigm, as per Hakulinen;[1] a case of suppletion.
The oblique stem *-ice- (sometimes reconstructed as *-icce-) is from Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ńće, *-ńśe, and is cognate with Proto-Samic *-ńčë. The oblique stem is probably original. In many descendants the original nominative can be found in compounds, albeit in reduced form (*naic(e)- > Estonian nais- in naissugu, Finnish nais- in naissuku, Ingrian nais- in naissuku, Karelian nais- in naispuoli, Livonian naiz- in naizjemā, Ludian naiž- in naižluad, Veps naiž- in naižvald, Votic naiz- in naizeläje).
The origin of the nominative *-inen is less clear; it might be related to *-na (diminutive suffix), in which case the -i- would be analogous to the oblique stem. The suppletion for the nominative case may have served to avoid the original nominative **-ici, when not preceded by a vowel (compare *hiici, *raici, et al). There are at least two other examples for this: *pide → *pitkä (instead of **pici, extended with *-ka; yet the older stem *pite- survives in derived forms) and *iće → *icek (instead of **ici). If this theory is true, it would further support the theory that *-ice- is the original stem.
Suffix
*-inen
- -ish, -ic, -like, -y
- -en (material something is made of)
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-inen | *-icet | |
| accusative | *-icen | *-icet | |
| genitive | *-icen | *-icten *-iciden | |
| partitive | *-ictä | *-icitä | |
| inessive | *-icessä *-icehnä | *-icissä *-icihnä | |
| elative | *-icestä | *-icistä | |
| illative | *-icesen | *-icisen | |
| adessive | *-icellä | *-icillä | |
| ablative | *-iceltä | *-iciltä | |
| allative | *-icelen *-icelek | *-icilen *-icilek | |
| essive | *-innä | *-icinä | |
| translative | *-iceksi | *-iciksi | |
| instructive | *-icen | *-icin | |
| comitative | *-innek | *-icinek | |
| abessive | *-icettä | *-icittä | |
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: -ne
- Finnish: -inen, -nen (conflated with *-hinen)
- Ingrian: -in
- Karelian: -inen, -ine
- Livonian: -i[2]
- Livvi: -ine
- Veps: -ine
- Votic: -in
- Võro: -nõ/-ne
References
- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
- Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN