< Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic
Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hamara
 | This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ. Cognate with Erzya чов (čov), човонэ (čovone) and Moksha шов (šov). Likely related to Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; both directions of loan, from and into Proto-Germanic, have been proposed. Hyllested speculates on an Indo-European source related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō but with regular satemization (compare the survival of doublets like Lithuanian akmuõ, ašmuõ).
Noun
*hamara
- poll, butt (part of the head of an axe)
- spine, back (of a knife)
Inflection
Inflection of *hamara
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *hamara | *hamarat | |
| accusative | *hamaran | *hamarat | |
| genitive | *hamaran | *hamaraden *hamaroiden | |
| partitive | *hamarata | *hamaroita | |
| inessive | *hamarassa *hamarahna | *hamaroissa *hamaroihna | |
| elative | *hamarasta | *hamaroista | |
| illative | *hamarasen | *hamaroisen | |
| adessive | *hamaralla | *hamaroilla | |
| ablative | *hamaralta | *hamaroilta | |
| allative | *hamaralen *hamaralek | *hamaroilen *hamaroilek | |
| essive | *hamarana | *hamaroina | |
| translative | *hamaraksi | *hamaroiksi | |
| instructive | *hamaran | *hamaroin | |
| comitative | *hamaranek | *hamaroinek | |
| abessive | *hamaratta | *hamaroitta | |
Descendants
- Finnish: hamara
- Ingrian: hamara
- Karelian: hamara
- Livvi: hamar
- Ludian: hamar
- Veps: hamar
- Võro: hamar, hammar
- → Proto-Samic: *šëmērē
- → Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz (possibly)
References
- Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (Thesis), Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet