< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sukkos
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *súH-s (“pig”),[1] possibly through:
- earlier *sukos, germinated under the influence of *mokkus (“pig”), compare ungerminated cognate Proto-Germanic *sugō (“female pig”), from Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ó-s, from *súH-s + *-k- (velar extension) + *-ós;
- Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ko-s, from *súH-s + *-k- (intrusive velar) + *-kos;[2]
- earlier *suɸkus, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-pḱu-s, from *súH-s + *péḱu (“livestock”).[3]
For meaning parallel, compare cognates in Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs, “pig”) and ὕνις (húnis, “plowshare”).[4]
Noun
*sukkos m[5][1][6][7]
- pig (snout)
- plowshare
Inflection
Masculine/feminine u-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative | *suxkus | *suxkū | *suxkowes |
vocative | *suxku | *suxkū | *suxkūs |
accusative | *suxkum | *suxkū | *suxkums |
genitive | *suxkous | *suxkous | *suxkowom |
dative | *suxkou | *suxkubom | *suxkubos |
instrumental | *suxkū | *suxkubim | *suxkubis |
Alternative reconstructions
- *sukkus[8]
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *hux (“pig”)
- Old Breton: hoch
- Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
- Breton: soc’h
- Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
- Old Cornish: hoch
- Cornish: hogh
- Welsh: hwch
- →? Old English: hogg (“hog”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Old Breton: hoch
- Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
- Breton: hoc’h
- Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
- Old Cornish: hoch
- Cornish: hogh
- Welsh: hwch
- →? Old English: hogg (“hog”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Old Breton: hoch
- Middle Irish: socc (“snout; plowshare”)
- Irish: soc
- → Vulgar Latin: *soccus (“plowshare”)[9]
- Old French: soc
- Middle French: soc
- French: soc
- ⇒ Old French: soket
- → Middle English: socket soket
- English: socket
- → Middle English: socket soket
- Middle French: soc
- →? Proto-Brythonic: *sux (“plowshare”)
- Middle Breton: souch
- Breton: soc’h
- Welsh: swch
- Middle Breton: souch
- Old French: soc
References
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sū̆-s, suu̯-ós”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1038
- de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 35
- Testen, David (1999), “Stem-final *-kk- in Celtic terms for ‘pig’”, in Ériu, pages 161–164
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὕνις, -εως, -ιος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1532
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1884), “soc”, in Keltoromanisches, die keltischen etymologieen im etymologischen worterbuch der romanischen sprachen von F. Diez (in German), Halle: Max Niemeyer, page 112: “kelt. *sŭccos”
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sū́s”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 425: “Celtic < *sukko-”
- Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
- Koch, John (2004), “pig *sukku-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 253
- Williams, Robert (1865), “322”, in Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the Words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; With Translations in English, London: Trubner & Co., page soch