< Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic
Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kladeti
 | This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kl̥dʰ-é-ti, from *keldʰh₁- + *-éti, a tudati present from the reanalyzed *kelh₂- (“to hit, break”) + *-dʰh₁eti.
Verb
*kladeti[1][2]
- to stab, dig
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *kladū | *klademam | ? | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kladesi | *kladetās | ? | ? |
| 3rd singular | *kladeti | *kladeto | ? | ? |
| 1st plural | *kladomosi | *klademo | ? | ? |
| 2nd plural | *kladetesi | *kladestē | ? | ? |
| 3rd plural | *kladonti | *kladento | ? | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | ? | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | ? | ? | *klade | |
| 3rd singular | ? | ? | *kladetou | |
| 1st plural | ? | ? | *kladomos | |
| 2nd plural | ? | ? | *kladete | |
| 3rd plural | ? | ? | *kladontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *kladūr | — | ? | — |
| 2nd singular | *kladetar | — | ? | — |
| 3rd singular | *kladetor | ? | ? | — |
| 1st plural | *kladommor | — | ? | — |
| 2nd plural | *kladedwe | — | ? | — |
| 3rd plural | *kladontor | ? | ? | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | ? | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | ? | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | ? | — | — | |
| 1st plural | ? | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | ? | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | ? | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *klassos | *klassou | *klassoi |
| vocative | *klasse | *klassou | *klassūs |
| accusative | *klassom | *klassou | *klassoms |
| genitive | *klassī | *klassous | *klassom |
| dative | *klassūi | *klassobom | *klassobos |
| instrumental | *klassū | *klassobim | *klassobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *klassā | *klassai | *klassās |
| vocative | *klassā | *klassai | *klassās |
| accusative | *klassam | *klassai | *klassams |
| genitive | *klassās | *klassous | *klassom |
| dative | *klassai | *klassābom | *klassābos |
| instrumental | *? | *klassābim | *klassābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *klassom | *klassou | *klassā |
| vocative | *klassom | *klassou | *klassā |
| accusative | *klassom | *klassou | *klassā |
| genitive | *klassī | *klassous | *klassom |
| dative | *klassūi | *klassobom | *klassobos |
| instrumental | *klassū | *klassobim | *klassobis |
Derived terms
- *kladiwos
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *klėðɨd
- Middle Breton: claza
- Breton: klazañ
- Middle Welsh: claddu
- Welsh: claddu
- Middle Breton: claza
- Old Irish: claidid, ·claid
- Irish: claidh
- Scottish Gaelic: cladhaich
References
- Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205