Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gaisos

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Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gaisos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz (given the diphthong *ai instead of the expected *oi), which itself is derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰoysós (“throwing spear”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, impel”). Related to Sanskrit héṣas (“missile”), Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀‎ (zaēna, “weapon”), Ancient Greek χαῖος (khaîos, “shepherd's staff”).

Noun

*gaisos m[1]

1. spear

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaisos	*gaisou	*gaisoi
vocative	*gaise	*gaisou	*gaisūs
accusative	*gaisom	*gaisou	*gaisoms
genitive	*gaisī	*gaisous	*gaisom
dative	*gaisūi	*gaisobom	*gaisobos
locative	*gaisei	*?	*?
instrumental	*gaisū	*gaisobim	*gaisūis

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic:
  • Old Breton: guugoiou
    • Middle Breton: goa
  • Welsh: gwayw
  • Old Cornish: hoch-wuyu
• Gaulish: *gaiso-
  • → Latin: gaesum
    • → Ancient Greek: γαῖσος (gaîsos), γαῖσον (gaîson)
      • → Old Armenian: գայիսոն (gayison)
    • → Basque: gezi
• ⇒ Gaulish: *Ariogaisos
  • Gallo-Latin: Ariogaisus
• Old Irish: gae
  • Irish: ga

References

1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 154