Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/ákmō

This Proto-Balto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō.

According to Matasović, the depalatalization of palatovelars occurred before sonorant followed by a back vowel: Ḱ > K/_RV^back.

Reconstruction notes

According to Illich-Svitych, the barytone accent paradigm is presented by Daukša (16th century) ãkmuo in nominative singular and ãkmenes in genitive singular. In the Universitas presents the form ákmenû in genitive plural. In the monuments of Prussian Lithuania:

The New Testament of 1701 presents the form ákmeniû in genitive plural;
The Gesangbuch of 1685 presents the form ákmenim’ in instrumental singular;
The Bible of 1755 presents two forms: ákmenû in genitive plural and ákmenimis in instrumental plural;
The New Testament of 1735 presents two forms: ákmen’s in genitive singular and ákmenimis in instrumental plural;
The Lithuanian Grammar of 1791 presents two mobile forms: Akmenijè in locative singular and Akmenissà in locative plural;
The Bible of 1735 presents three forms: ákmenimi in instrumental singular, ákmenû in genitive plural and ákmenimis in instrumental plural;
The Ruhig grammar of 1747 presents five forms: ákmenû in genitive plural, ákmenije in locative singular, ákmenims in dative plural, ákmenimis in instrumental plural and ákmenissa in locative plural, but akmén’s in genitive singular.

The mobile accent paradigm is generalized in most dialects and in the literary Lithuanian language. Consequently, on the basis of these data, the Balto-Slavic fixed accent is reconstructed.

Noun

*ákmō m[1][2][3]

stone, rock
Synonym: *kā́ˀmō

Inflection

Fixed accent.

Declension of *ákmō (consonant stem)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ákmō	*ákmene	*ákmenes
Accusative	*ákmenin	*ákmene	*ákmenins
Genitive	*ákmenes	*ákmenauš?	*ákmenōn
Locative	*ákmenī	*ákmenauš?	*ákmenišu
Dative	*ákmenei	*ákmōmā	*ákmen(i)mas
Instrumental	*ákmōmi?	*ákmōmā	*ákmenimīš? -imins?
Vocative	*ákmō	*ákmene	*ákmōsu

Descendants

East Baltic:
- ⇒ Latgalian: akmiņs
- ⇒ Latvian: akmens
- Old Lithuanian: ãkmuo
  - Lithuanian: akmuõ
West Baltic:
- Sudovian: akmi

References

Illich-Svitych, Vladislav M. (1963) Именная акцентуация в балтийском и славянском: Судьба акцентуационных парадигм [Nominal Accentuation in Baltic and Slavic: The Fate of Accentuation Paradigms]‎ (in Russian), Soviet Union; Moscow: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, page 63: “Лит. akmuo”
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kamy”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220: “*(ʔ)akmen-”
Derksen, Rick (2015), “akmuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47: “*(ʔ)akmen-”

[1] Illich-Svitych, Vladislav M. (1963) Именная акцентуация в балтийском и славянском: Судьба акцентуационных парадигм [Nominal Accentuation in Baltic and Slavic: The Fate of Accentuation Paradigms]‎ (in Russian), Soviet Union; Moscow: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, page 63: “Лит. akmuo”

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kamy”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220: “*(ʔ)akmen-”

[3] Derksen, Rick (2015), “akmuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47: “*(ʔ)akmen-”