Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/jū́ˀga
 | This Proto-Balto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Balto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *yugom. Cognate with Latin iugum, Proto-Germanic *juką, and Sanskrit युग (yuga).
Reconstruction notes
Three stress patterns are found in the Lithuanian language. These are stress pattern 1, stress pattern 3 and probably exception stress pattern 2. In Proto-Slavic, respectively, the accent paradigm a and c. Apparently, it is necessary to restore the mobile accent with the initial accent, like the wordform *médu without the action of Hirt's law from *yúgom. Likewise in the nominative plural, but with the action of Hirt's law from *yugéh₂. That is, one form is an form-enclinomena and the other is not. As a result, the Balto-Slavic accent curve acquired extreme complexity, which caused it to align and often splitting, which led to the emergence of paradigmatic doublets and even triplets, which was demonstrated in the descendants.
The East Aukshtaits dialect apparently uses a wordform in the genitive plural jugũ (stress pattern 4) without infixation.
Noun
*jū́ˀga n[1][2][3]
- yoke
Inflection
Mobile accent.
| Declension of *jū́ˀga (o-stem) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Nominative | *jūˀga | *jūˀgai | *jūˀgāˀ | |
| Accusative | *jūˀga | *jūˀgai | *jūˀgāˀ | |
| Genitive | *jūˀgā | *jūˀgāu(ˀ) | *jūˀgōn | |
| Locative | *jūˀgai | *jūˀgāu(ˀ) | *jūˀgaišu | |
| Dative | *jūˀgōi | *jūˀgamā(ˀ) | *jūˀgamas | |
| Instrumental | *jūˀgōˀ | *jūˀgamāˀ | *jūˀgōis | |
| Vocative | *jūˀga | *jūˀgai | *jūˀgāˀ | |
Descendants
- East Baltic:
- Latvian: jûgs
- Lithuanian: jùngas (with additional -n- from a nasal-infix verb)
- Proto-Slavic: *jь̑go or *jь̀go (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kim, Ronald (2018), “The Phonology of Balto-Slavic”, in Jared S. Klein, Brian Joseph, and Matthias Fritz, editors, Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook of Language Comparison and the Reconstruction of Indo-European, Berlin: de Gruyter
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*jь̑go”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 209: “*júʔgo”
- Derksen, Rick (2015), “jungas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “*júʔgo”