Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/bahi
Proto-Austronesian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bahi/
Noun
*bahi
- female, woman
Descendants
- Formosan:
- Amis: fafahi (“wife”), fafahiyan (“female, woman”); pafafahiyen (“get someone a wife”)
- Papora: pai
- Puyuma: babayan
- Paiwan: vavayan
- Rukai: ʔavai
- Malayo-Polynesian: *bahi (“woman, wife, female of animals”), *babinahi
- Borneo-Philippines:
- East Barito:
- Lawangan: bawe
- Ma'anyan: babei
- Malagasy: vehivavy, vavy
- Philippine: *bahi, *babahi; *mababahi (“to womanize, to court girls”); *babahiən (“to take a woman as mistress”); *binabahi (“effeminate”)
- Abenlen Ayta: babai
- Aklanon: babaye
- Batad Ifugao: babāi, obay
- Bontok: bai (“female animal”)
- Cebuano: bayi, babaye
- Central Bontoc: babái
- Central Cagayan Agta: babbay
- Hanunoo: bayi (“femininity”); babayi (“woman, girl”)
- Hiligaynon: babayi
- Ibanag: babay
- Ilocano: babai; babayen (“to court a woman”)
- Isnag: babay
- Itawit: babay
- Kalamian:
- Agutaynen: babay
- Kankanaey: babái
- Kapampangan: babai mambabai (“to court girls”)
- Limos Kalinga: babai
- Manobo:
- Binukid: bahi
- Western Bukidnon Manobo: bahi
- Maranao: bebay
- Palawan Batak: baba'i
- Sangir: bawine
- Tagalog: bai, bayi (“princess, royal lady”), babae; mambabae (“to womanize”); babaihin (“take a concubine”); kababaihan (“womanhood, femininity”)
- Tausug: babai
- Waray-Waray: babaye
- Yami: vai (“daughter-in-law”)
- East Barito:
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian: *bai (“woman, female”)
- Alune: bina
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
- Halmahera-Cenderawasih:
- Biak: bin
- Wandamen: babin
- Oceanic: *papine, *pe- (“mother”)
- Admiralty Islands: *pepine (“woman”)
- Loniu: pihin
- Lou: pein
- Nali: pihin
- Nauna: pehin
- Penchal: pehin
- Seimat: hehin
- Sori-Harengan: bibiŋ
- Titan: pein
- Tulu-Bohuai: pihin
- Wuvulu-Aua: pifine
- Central-Eastern Oceanic:
- Micronesian:
- Chuukese: feefin (“woman, womanhood, female”)
- Gilbertese: aine (“female”)
- Pohnpeian: pein (“woman”), peinakapw (“young woman”)
- Woleaian: faifil
- North-Central Vanuatu:
- Big Nambas: vənmaran (“old woman”)
- Mafea: v̋av̋ine (/ð̼að̼ine/, “woman”)
- Mota: vavine
- Neverver: vin
- Paama: ahin
- Raga: vavine
- Polynesian: *fafine
- Niuean: fifine
- Nuclear Polynesian:
- Anuta: papine
- East Futuna: fafine
- Eastern Polynesian:
- Hawaiian: wahine (“woman, lady, sister-in-law, female cousin”)
- → English: wahine (with Maori wahine)
- Mangarevan: veine
- Maori: wahine
- → English: wahine (with Hawaiian wahine)
- North Marquesan: vehine (“woman”)
- Rarotongan: va'ine (“woman, female, wife”)
- South Marquesan: vehine
- Tahitian: vahine
- → English: vahine
- → French: vahiné
- → Rapa Nui: vahine
- Tuamotuan: va'ine
- Hawaiian: wahine (“woman, lady, sister-in-law, female cousin”)
- Kapingamarangi: ahina (“woman, female”)
- Nukuoro: hahine
- Ontong Java: hine
- Pileni: hahine
- Rennellese: hahine
- Samoan: fafine
- Sikaiana: hahine
- Takuu: ffine
- Tuvaluan: fafine
- Wallisian: fafine
- Tongan: fefine (“woman”), fehuhu (“mother”)
- Sie: vevne (“sister of a man”)
- Southeast Solomonic:
- Bauro: hehene
- Bughotu: vaivine
- Fagani: hehene
- Gela: vaivine
- Kahua: hehene
- Talise: vaivine
- Micronesian:
- Niwer Mil: fifin
- Ura (Vanuatu): yarvin
- Western Oceanic:
- Are: babine
- Anuki: wavine
- Arifama-Miniafia: babin (“woman”), babine (“old woman”)
- Bilbil: pain
- Biliau: paen
- Bilur: vaina
- Boselewa: vavine
- Buhutu: waihin
- Bulu (New Guinea): tavine
- Bunama: wahine
- Bwaidoka: vavine
- Bwanabwana: waine
- Dawawa: wavine
- Diodio: vavine
- Dobu: waine
- Doga: babine
- Duau: wahine
- Gabadi: vavine
- Gapapaiwa: wavine
- Gedaged: pain
- Ghayavi: wavine
- Gweda: wavine
- Iamalele: vavine
- Kakabai: wavine
- Kaninuwa: vivine
- Keapara: vavine
- Kilivila: vivila
- Koluwawa: vavine
- Konomala: fafni
- Magori: vaini
- Manam: áine
- Mandara: vevine
- Matukar: pain
- Mbula: waine
- Meramera: tavine
- Minaveha: vavine
- Mindiri: pen
- Minigir: vavina
- Molima: vavine
- Motu: hahine
- Hiri Motu: hahine
- Muduapa: tavine
- Nimoa: vaini
- Patpatar: hahin
- Ronji: pain
- Roro: babine
- Sepa (New Guinea): waine
- Sinaugoro: vavine
- Sio: taine
- Suau: waihin
- Takia: pein
- Taupota: wavine
- Tawala: wawine
- Tolai: wawina
- Torau: baine
- Tungag: aina
- Uneapa: tavine
- Wab: pain
- Wedau: wavine
- Wogeo: veine
- Yapese: pin
- Admiralty Islands: *pepine (“woman”)
- Halmahera-Cenderawasih:
- Kambera: kawini
- Ngadha: fai
- Sika: bai
- Tetum: fen (“wife”)
- Komodo: wine (ata wine (“woman”)
- Li'o: fai
- Sunda-Sulawesi:
- Kaili-Pamona:
- Ledo Kaili: mombine
- Malayo-Sumbawan:
- Malayo-Chamic:
- Chamic:
- Bih: pine
- Malayic:
- Banjarese: binian
- Iban: bini (“wife, married woman”)
- → Betawi: bini (“wife”)
- Malay: bai (“mother”)
- Chamic:
- Malayo-Chamic:
- Muna-Buton:
- Muna: roɓine
- Tukang Besi North: wowine
- Tukang Besi South: wowine
- Palauan: babil (“female”)
- South Sulawesi:
- Bambam: baine
- Mamasa: baine
- Mandar: tobaine
- Wotu-Wolio:
- Wolio: bawine
- Kaili-Pamona:
- Tunjung: wawe
- Borneo-Philippines:
Usage notes
This word shows a wide range of concurrent forms in various Austronesian languages. One of the most productive forms is PAN *babahi ("woman, lady, girl"), with CV- reduplication of the first syllable, which appears to convey a diminutive sense. In Proto-Philippine, this reduplicated form can be augmented by verbal affixes like PPh *ma- or PPh *-en. Finally, in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian this word is reconstructed either as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahi (“woman, female of animals”) or as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babinahi (“woman, female”), with no apparent differences in meaning. The latter form probably gave rise to Proto-Oceanic *papine (“woman”), which is the only one attested for the term woman in Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian branches of the Austronesian language family, although the residual non-reduplicated form *pe- is still present as a prefix.
References
- Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary — *bahi
- Lynch, John (1998) Pacific Languages: An Introduction, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN
- Guérin, Valérie (2011) A Grammr of Mavea — An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu, University of Hawaii Press