< Reconstruction:Latin
Reconstruction:Latin/stuno
Latin
Etymology
Borrowed from Frankish *stunōn (“to rumble, thunder, bang”), from Proto-Germanic *stunōną. Alternatively from or a merger with *extonō, from ex- + tonō (“thunder, speak thunderously”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (Proto-Italo-Western Romance) /sˈtono/
Verb
*stunō (present infinitive *stunāre, perfect active *stunāvī, supine *stunātum); first conjugation
- I shock, surprise
- I stun, daze
- I jar, clash
Inflection
Italo-Western Romance conjugation of *stunō
infinitive | *ẹstọnárę | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | *ẹstọnántẹs | ||||||
gerund | *ẹstọnándọ | ||||||
past participle | *ẹstọnátọ | ||||||
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
simple tenses | present | *ẹ́stọnọ | *ẹ́stọnas | *ẹ́stọnat | *ẹstọnámọs | *ẹstọnátẹs | *ẹ́stọnant |
imperfect | *ẹstọnávã | *ẹstọnávas | *ẹstọnávat | *ẹstọnavámọs | *ẹstọnavátẹs | *ẹstọnávant | |
perfect | *ẹstọnái | *ẹstọnásti | *ẹstọnáút | *ẹstọnámmọs | *ẹstọnástẹs | *ẹstọnárọnt | |
pluperfect | *ẹstọnárã | *ẹstọnáras | *ẹstọnárat | *ẹstọnarámọs | *ẹstọnarátẹs | *ẹstọnárant | |
future perfect | *ẹstọnárẽ | *ẹstọnárẹs | *ẹstọnárẹt | *ẹstọnárẹmọs | *ẹstọnárẹtẹs | *ẹstọnárẹnt | |
future | *ẹstọnárę áviọ | *ẹstọnárę ávẹs | *ẹstọnárę ávęt | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́mọs | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́tẹs | *ẹstọnárę ávęnt | |
compound tenses | perfect | *áviọ ẹstọnátọ | *ávẹs ẹstọnátọ | *ávęt ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́mọs ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́tẹs ẹstọnátọ | *ávęnt ẹstọnátọ |
pluperfect | *avẹ́vã ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́vas ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́vat ẹstọnátọ | *avẹvámọ ẹstọnátọ | *avẹvátẹs ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́vant ẹstọnátọ | |
future perfect | *avẹ́rę áviọ ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́rę ávẹs ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́rę ávęt ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́rę avẹ́mọs ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́rę avẹ́tẹs ẹstọnátọ | *avẹ́rę ávęnt ẹstọnátọ | |
conditional | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
present | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́vã | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́vas | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́vat | *ẹstọnárę avẹvámọs | *ẹstọnárę avẹvátẹs | *ẹstọnárę avẹ́vant | |
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
present | *ẹ́stọnẽ | *ẹ́stọnẹs | *ẹ́stọnęt | *ẹstọnẹ́mọs | *ẹstọnẹ́tẹs | *ẹ́stọnęnt | |
imperfect | *ẹstọnárẽ | *ẹstọnárẹs | *ẹstọnáręt | *ẹstọnarẹ́mọs | *ẹstọnarẹ́tẹs | *ẹstọnáręnt | |
pluperfect | *ẹstọnássẽ | *ẹstọnássẹs | *ẹstọnássęt | *ẹstọnassẹ́mọs | *ẹstọnassẹ́tẹs | *ẹstọnássęnt | |
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
— | second | — | — | second | — | ||
present | — | *ẹ́stọna | — | — | *ẹstọnátę | — |
Descendants
- Old French: estoner, estuner, estouner
- Bourbonnais: etouna
- Middle French: estonner, étonner
- French: étonner
- Norman: êtonner (Jersiais)
- Picard: ètonneu (Athois)
- Walloon: èstèner (Liégeois)
- → Middle English: astonen, astonyen, astonien
- Early English: astony, astone, aston, astun (archaic)
- ⇒ English: astonish
- Early English: astony, astone, aston, astun (archaic)
- Italian: stonare
- Old Occitan: estonar
- Catalan: estonar
- Occitan: estonar