< Reconstruction:Latin
Reconstruction:Latin/ad poenam
Latin
Etymology
From ad (literally “to”) + poenam ("pain, suffering" → "difficulty"). Possibly influenced or inspired by Latin paene (“almost, barely”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /apˈpena/
Adverb
*ad poenam (Proto-Italo-Western-Romance)
- barely, hardly
Reconstruction notes
The addition of an adverbial /-s/ can be observed in Iberia and environs. Some descendants have taken on temporal senses, possibly via a semantic pathway such as "barely" → "only just".
Descendants
- Italo-Romance:
- Italian: appena
- North Italian:
- Venetian: pena
- Gallo-Romance:
- Catalan: a penes
- Occitan: a pena, a penas
- Old French: a paine, a peine
- French: à peine
- Ibero-Romance:
- Asturian: apenes
- Portuguese: apenas
- Spanish: apenas