arbor

See also: Arbor and árbor

English

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɑːbə/
(General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɑɹbɚ/
(General Australian) IPA^(key): /ˈaːbə/
Audio (US) (file)
Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)bə(ɹ)

Etymology 1

From Middle English arbour, erbour, from Old French erbier (“field, meadow, kitchen garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”), from Latin herba (“grass, herb”) (English herb). (Compare Late Latin herbārium, although erbier is possibly an independent formation.) The spelling was influenced by Latin arbor (“tree”).

Alternative forms

arbour (chiefly British)

Noun

arbor (plural arbors or arbores)

A shady sitting place or pergola usually in a park or garden, surrounded by climbing shrubs, vines or other vegetation.
- 1979, J.G. Ballard, The Unlimited Dream Company, chapter 24:
  Children swung from the branches of the banyan tree, teenagers climbed into the arbours of orchids and gourds into which the abandoned cars had been transformed.
A grove of trees.

Derived terms

Ann Arbor
arbor Dianae
arbor vine

Related terms

arboreal
arboreous
arborescent
arboretum
arbor vitae
herb

Translations

a shady place for sitting

Bulgarian: беседка f (besedka)
Esperanto: laŭbo
Finnish: vilpola
German: Laube (de) f, Gartenlaube (de) f
Indonesian: arbor
Latin: trichila f, triclea f
Portuguese: pérgola (pt) f, caramanchão (pt) m
Russian: бесе́дка (ru) f (besédka)
Spanish: cenador (es) m, pérgola (es) f
Swedish: berså (sv) c
Volapük: priel (vo)

a grove of trees

Bulgarian: горичка (bg) f (gorička)
Esperanto: arbareto
Finnish: metsikkö (fi)
German: Hain (de) m, Gehölz (de) n, Baumgruppe (de) f, Wäldchen (de) n, Hag (de) m, Tannicht n, Allee (de) f
Irish: lúibín coille m
Portuguese: renque (pt)
Russian: ро́ща (ru) f (róšča)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French arbre (“tree, axis”), spelling influenced by Latin arbor (“tree”).

Noun

arbor (plural arbors or arbores)

An axis or shaft supporting a rotating part on a lathe.
A bar for supporting cutting tools.
A spindle of a wheel.

Derived terms

arbor knot

Translations

axis or shaft on a lathe

Bulgarian: шпиндел (bg) m (špindel), вал (bg) m (val)
Finnish: akseli (fi)
German: Spindel (de) f, Dorn (de) m, Schaft (de) m
Italian: mandrino (it) m
Macedonian: оска (oska)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: spindel (no) m
Portuguese: mandril (pt) m
Russian: шпи́ндель (ru) m (špíndelʹ)

bar for supporting cutting tools

Bulgarian: дорник m (dornik)
Finnish: tuurna
German: Halter (de) m, Aufsteckhalter m, Balken (de) m, Holm (de) m, Stahlhalter m
Russian: опра́вка (ru) f (oprávka)

spindle of a wheel

Bulgarian: ос (bg) f (os)
Finnish: kehräin
German: Achse (de) f, Welle (de) f, Spindel (de) f
Russian: ось (ru) f (osʹ)

Anagrams

Barro, Brora, borra

Indonesian

Etymology

From English arbor, from Middle English arbour, erbour, from Old French erbier (“field, meadow, kitchen garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”), from Latin herba (“grass, herb”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈarbɔr/
Hyphenation: ar‧bor

Noun

arbor (first-person possessive arborku, second-person possessive arbormu, third-person possessive arbornya)

arbor: a shady sitting place or pergola usually in a park or garden, surrounded by climbing shrubs, vines or other vegetation.

Latin

arbor (a tree)

Alternative forms

arbōs

Etymology

By rhotacism from Old Latin arbōs, from Proto-Italic *arðōs, cognate with arduus (“high”): the meaning is "high plant". From the Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“high, to grow”).

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈar.bor/, [ˈärbɔr]

(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈar.bor/, [ˈärbor]
Audio (Classical) (file)

Noun

arbor f (genitive arboris); third declension

a tree
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 10:
  Interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam / uulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque leuabat / arboris acclinis trunco
  Meantime, his father at Tiber's flowing stream bathed his wounds in the clear water and his body leant against the trunk of a tree.
felixarbor ― a fruit-bearing tree
arbores serere ― to plant trees
(specifically with the genitive of the species) arbor alni ― an alder tree
arbores ficorum ― fig trees
(metonymically) something made from a tree, of wood
arbore mali ― the mast (of a ship)
Synonym: mālus
centenaque arbore fluctum verberat adsurgens ― an oar
Peliasarbor ― Pelias's ship, the ship Argo
Synonyms: iaculum, pīlum
(euphemistic) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
arbor infelix ― a gallows, gibbet
(metonymically) the polypus (imagined to have arms like the branches of a tree)

Declension

A poetic nominative arbōs is often found. Sextus Pompeius Festus documents archaic (Old Latin) variants arbosem, arboses.
A rare locative singular arborī is attested.

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	arbor	arborēs
Genitive	arboris	arborum
Dative	arborī	arboribus
Accusative	arborem	arborēs
Ablative	arbore	arboribus
Vocative	arbor	arborēs

Derived terms

arborārius
arborātor
arborēscō
arborētum
arboreus
arbuscula
arbutus
sacerarbōs

Related terms

arbustīvus
arbustō
arbustum
arbustus

Descendants

Balkan Romance:
- Aromanian: arburi, arbure, arbur, oarbãri
- Istro-Romanian: årbure
- Megleno-Romanian: arbur
- Romanian: arbure (older), arbore (newer, Latinized)
Dalmatian:
- juarbol, yuarbul, yuarbol, jarbul, yarbul, jarbur, garbr, arbl
Italo-Romance:
- Corsican: alberu
  Gallurese: alburi
  Sassarese: àiburu
- Italian: albore, alboro (archaic), albero
- Neapolitan: àrvule (Taranto)
- Sicilian: àrbiru, àrburu, àrvuru
Insular Romance:
- Sardinian: arbore, arbure, albore, albure
North Italian:
- Gallo-Italic:
  - Emilian: àrbul, âlber; élber; àlbar
  - Ligurian: erboro, èrbo
  - Lombard: erbor, àlbor
  - Piedmontese: erbo
- Friulian: arbul
- Ladin: alber
- Istriot: arbaro, arbo
- Romansch: arver, alber
- Venetian: àlbaro, albaro, àlber
  - → Cimbrian: albar
Gallo-Romance:
- Franco-Provençal: âbro, ârbro
- Old French: arbre (see there for further descendants)
Occitano-Romance:
- Catalan: arbre
- Gascon: arbe
- Old Occitan: arbre (see there for further descendants)
Ibero-Romance:
- Aragonese: arbol, (Ribagorça) abre
- Old Leonese: arbol, arbor (see there for further descendants)
- Old Portuguese: arvor, arvol, arvore (see there for further descendants)
- Old Spanish: arbor, arbol (see there for further descendants)
Borrowings:
- → Balkan Slavic:
  - Macedonian: јарбол (jarbol)
  - Serbo-Croatian: ја̑рбол, jȃrbol
  - Slovene: jambor
- → Hungarian: árbóc (or via North Italian)

References

AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 533: “un albero” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008-), “*/ˈarbor-e/”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française.

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *arawar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃-.[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈar.vər/

Noun

arbor n (genitive arbae, nominative plural arbann)

grain
(in the plural) crops

Inflection

Neuter n-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	arbor^N	—	arban^L
Vocative	arbor^N	—	arban^L
Accusative	arbor^N	—	arban^L
Genitive	arbae	—	arban^N
Dative	arbaim^L	—	arbanaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

Irish: arbhar
Manx: arroo
Scottish Gaelic: arbhar

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
arbor	unchanged	n-arbor
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “arbar”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*arawar / *arawen-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 40

Old Spanish

Alternative forms

arbol

Etymology

From Latin arbor, arborem.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈaɾβoɾ/

Noun

arbor m (plural arbores)

tree
- c. 1200, Almeric, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1v. b.
  ally delát ebró. es mót mãbre. e ouo y grát arbor. e fue enzina. ala rayz daq́l arbor estaua abraã.
  There, past Hebron, is the hill Mamre, where there was a great oak tree. Abraham was [sitting] on the root of that tree.
- Idem, f. 42v. b.
  e crebantaredes todas cibdades en caſtelladas entodos los arbores fermoſos todas las fontanas del agua cerraredes. entodas las buenas seńas abatredes […]
  And you shall defeat all cities and fortified towns, and fell all the good trees, and seal all the springs of water and ruin all the good pieces of land.

Descendants

Ladino: arvolé, arvol
Spanish: árbol, árbor
- → Basque: arbola
- → Cebuano: arbol
- → Sicilian: àrbulu, àrvulu

Romanian

Noun

arbor m (plural arbori)

Alternative form of arbore

Tagalog

Alternative forms

albor

Etymology

Backslang of Spanish robar (“to rob; to steal”).

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: ar‧bor

IPA^(key): /ˈʔaɾboɾ/, [ˈʔaɾ.boɾ]

Noun

arbor (Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔ᜊᜓᜇ᜔)

(slang, back slang) act of claiming something to be of one's possesion; dibs
Synonyms: angkin, kuha, kikil
May mga inumin sa mesa. Arbor ko na yung tsokolate.
There are food on the table. I call dibs on the chocolate.
Gusto ko ang pantalon mo ah! Pa-arbor naman niyan!
I like your pants! Let me have it!
(slang, back slang, by extension) act of borrowing
Synonym: hiram

Derived terms

arburin
mag-arbor
magpaarbor
paarbor

arbor

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

Translations

Etymology 2

Noun

Derived terms

Translations

Anagrams

Indonesian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Further reading

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Descendants

Mutation

References

Old Spanish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

Romanian

Noun

Tagalog

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Further reading