qrf

qrf

See also: QRF

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /qʼaˈɾaf/ → /qʼaˈɾaf/ → /qʼəˈɾaf/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /qʼaˈɾaf/ (infinitive)[1]
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /qʼaˈɾaf/ (infinitive)
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /qʼəˈɾaf/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɛrɛf/
  • Conventional anglicization: qeref

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to bend together, to crook

Inflection

Conjugation of qrf (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: qrf, geminated stem: qrff

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
qrf	qrfw, qrf	qrft	qrf	qrf

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
qrf	ḥr qrf	m qrf	r qrf

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	qrf.n	qrfw, qrf	consecutive	qrf.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	qrft
perfective3	qrf	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative	qrf.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	qrf	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	qrf	qrff	potentialis	qrf.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	qrf	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	qrf.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	qrf	active + .tj1, .tw2	qrf	qrf, qrfw5, qrfy5
imperfective	qrf, qrfy, qrfw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	qrf, qrfj6, qrfy6	qrf, qrfw5
prospective	qrf, qrftj7	—	qrftj4, qrft4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 60.7–60.8

1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 46