pꜣḫd

pꜣḫd

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /pɑxɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: pakhed

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) turned upside down, to be(come) inverted
2. (intransitive) to be(come) overthrown, defeated
   • c. 1208 B.C.E., Merneptah Stele, line 26:

     wrw p(ꜣ)ḫd ḥr ḏd šꜣrm

     The overthrown princes are saying ‘Peace!’

Inflection

Conjugation of pꜣḫd (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: pꜣḫd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
pꜣḫd	pꜣḫdw, pꜣḫd	pꜣḫdt	pꜣḫd	pꜣḫd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
pꜣḫd	ḥr pꜣḫd	m pꜣḫd	r pꜣḫd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	pꜣḫd.n	consecutive	pꜣḫd.jn
terminative	pꜣḫdt
perfective3	pꜣḫd	obligative1	pꜣḫd.ḫr
imperfective	pꜣḫd
prospective3	pꜣḫdw, pꜣḫd	potentialis1	pꜣḫd.kꜣ
subjunctive	pꜣḫd

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	pꜣḫd.n	—	—
perfective	pꜣḫd	pꜣḫd	pꜣḫd, pꜣḫdw5, pꜣḫdy5
imperfective	pꜣḫd, pꜣḫdy, pꜣḫdw5	pꜣḫd, pꜣḫdj6, pꜣḫdy6	pꜣḫd, pꜣḫdw5
prospective	pꜣḫd, pꜣḫdtj7	pꜣḫdwtj1 4, pꜣḫdtj4, pꜣḫdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 207.