punir
Catalan
Etymology
From Old Catalan punir, from Latin pūnīre.
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central) IPA(key): /puˈni/
- (Valencian) IPA(key): /puˈniɾ/
Audio (file)
Verb
punir (first-person singular present puneixo, past participle punit)
- (transitive) to punish
- Synonym: castigar
Conjugation
Conjugation of punir (third conjugation with -eix- infix)
| infinitive | punir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present participle | punint | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | punit | punida | |||||
| plural | punits | punides | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | puneixo | puneixes | puneix | punim | puniu | puneixen | |
| imperfect | punia | punies | punia | puníem | puníeu | punien | |
| future | puniré | puniràs | punirà | punirem | punireu | puniran | |
| preterite | puní | punires | puní | punírem | puníreu | puniren | |
| conditional | puniria | puniries | puniria | puniríem | puniríeu | punirien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès | |
| present | puneixi | puneixis | puneixi | punim | puniu | puneixin | |
| imperfect | punís | punissis | punís | puníssim | puníssiu | punissin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès | |
| — | puneix | puneixi | punim | puniu | puneixin | ||
Related terms
- impune
- punible
- punició
- punitiu
References
- “punir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “punir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
French
Etymology
From Middle French punir, from Old French punir, from Latin pūnīre, present active infinitive of pūniō. May have been borrowed due to its late appearance.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /py.niʁ/
audio (file)
Verb
punir
- to punish
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
Conjugation of punir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | punir | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | punissant /py.ni.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | puni /py.ni/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | punis /py.ni/ | punis /py.ni/ | punit /py.ni/ | punissons /py.ni.sɔ̃/ | punissez /py.ni.se/ | punissent /py.nis/ |
| imperfect | punissais /py.ni.sɛ/ | punissais /py.ni.sɛ/ | punissait /py.ni.sɛ/ | punissions /py.ni.sjɔ̃/ | punissiez /py.ni.sje/ | punissaient /py.ni.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | punis /py.ni/ | punis /py.ni/ | punit /py.ni/ | punîmes /py.nim/ | punîtes /py.nit/ | punirent /py.niʁ/ | |
| future | punirai /py.ni.ʁe/ | puniras /py.ni.ʁa/ | punira /py.ni.ʁa/ | punirons /py.ni.ʁɔ̃/ | punirez /py.ni.ʁe/ | puniront /py.ni.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | punirais /py.ni.ʁɛ/ | punirais /py.ni.ʁɛ/ | punirait /py.ni.ʁɛ/ | punirions /py.ni.ʁjɔ̃/ | puniriez /py.ni.ʁje/ | puniraient /py.ni.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) | present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) | present | punisse /py.nis/ | punisses /py.nis/ | punisse /py.nis/ | punissions /py.ni.sjɔ̃/ | punissiez /py.ni.sje/ | punissent /py.nis/ |
| imperfect2 | punisse /py.nis/ | punisses /py.nis/ | punît /py.ni/ | punissions /py.ni.sjɔ̃/ | punissiez /py.ni.sje/ | punissent /py.nis/ | |
| (compound tenses) | past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | punis /py.ni/ | — | punissons /py.ni.sɔ̃/ | punissez /py.ni.se/ | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
- punition
Further reading
- “punir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French punir, from Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.
Verb
punir
- to punish
Descendants
- French: punir
Occitan
Etymology
From Old Occitan punir, from Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Verb
punir
- to punish
- Synonym: castigar
Conjugation
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Old French
Etymology
From Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.
Verb
punir
- to punish
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of punir (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | punir | avoir puni | |||||
| gerund | en punissant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | punissant | ||||||
| past participle | puni | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses | present | punis | punis | punist | punissons | punissez | punissent |
| imperfect | punissoie, punisseie | punissoies, punisseies | punissoit, punisseit | punissiiens, punissiens | punissiiez, punissiez | punissoient, punisseient | |
| preterite | puni | punis | puni | punimes | punistes | punirent | |
| future | punirai | puniras | punira | punirons | puniroiz, punireiz, punirez | puniront | |
| conditional | puniroie, punireie | puniroies, punireies | puniroit, punireit | puniriiens, puniriens | puniriiez, puniriez | puniroient, punireient | |
| compound tenses | present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses | present | punisse | punisses | punisse | punissons | punissez | punissent |
| imperfect | punisse | punisses | punist | punissons, punissiens | punissoiz, punissez, punissiez | punissent | |
| compound tenses | past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | punis | — | punissons | punissez | — | ||
Descendants
- Middle French: punir
- French: punir
- → English: punish
Old Occitan
Etymology
From Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.
Verb
punir
- to punish
Descendants
- Occitan: punir
Portuguese
Etymology
From Latin pūnīre.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /puˈni(ʁ)/ [puˈni(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /puˈni(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /puˈni(ʁ)/ [puˈni(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /puˈni(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /puˈniɾ/
- Hyphenation: pu‧nir
Verb
punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite puni, past participle punido)
- (transitive) to punish
- inflection of punir:
- first/third-person singular future subjunctive
- first/third-person singular personal infinitive
Conjugation
Conjugation of punir (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person (eu) | Second-person (tu) | Third-person (ele / ela / você) | First-person (nós) | Second-person (vós) | Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
| Infinitive | ||||||
| Impersonal | punir | |||||
| Personal | punir | punires | punir | punirmos | punirdes | punirem |
| Gerund | ||||||
| punindo | ||||||
| Past participle | ||||||
| Masculine | punido | punidos | ||||
| Feminine | punida | punidas | ||||
| Indicative | ||||||
| Present | puno | punes | pune | punimos | punis | punem |
| Imperfect | punia | punias | punia | puníamos | puníeis | puniam |
| Preterite | puni | puniste | puniu | punimos | punistes | puniram |
| Pluperfect | punira | puniras | punira | puníramos | puníreis | puniram |
| Future | punirei | punirás | punirá | puniremos | punireis | punirão |
| Conditional | ||||||
| puniria | punirias | puniria | puniríamos | puniríeis | puniriam | |
| Subjunctive | ||||||
| Present | puna | punas | puna | punamos | punais | punam |
| Imperfect | punisse | punisses | punisse | puníssemos | punísseis | punissem |
| Future | punir | punires | punir | punirmos | punirdes | punirem |
| Imperative | ||||||
| Affirmative | pune | puna | punamos | puni | punam | |
| Negative (não) | não punas | não puna | não punamos | não punais | não punam | |
Further reading
- “punir” in iDicionário Aulete.
- “punir” in Dicionário inFormal.
- “punir” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
- “punir” in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2023.
- “punir” in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa.
- “punir” in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa.
Spanish
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin pūnīre.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /puˈniɾ/ [puˈniɾ]
- Rhymes: -iɾ
- Syllabification: pu‧nir
Verb
punir (first-person singular present puno, first-person singular preterite puní, past participle punido)
- to punish
Conjugation
Conjugation of punir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
| infinitive | punir | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | puniendo | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | punido | punida | |||||
| plural | punidos | punidas | |||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | puno | punestú punísvos | pune | punimos | punís | punen | |
| imperfect | punía | punías | punía | puníamos | puníais | punían | |
| preterite | puní | puniste | punió | punimos | punisteis | punieron | |
| future | puniré | punirás | punirá | puniremos | puniréis | punirán | |
| conditional | puniría | punirías | puniría | puniríamos | puniríais | punirían | |
| subjunctive | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes | |
| present | puna | punastú punásvos2 | puna | punamos | punáis | punan | |
| imperfect (ra) | puniera | punieras | puniera | puniéramos | punierais | punieran | |
| imperfect (se) | puniese | punieses | puniese | puniésemos | punieseis | puniesen | |
| future1 | puniere | punieres | puniere | puniéremos | puniereis | punieren | |
| imperative | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes | |
| affirmative | punetú punívos | puna | punamos | punid | punan | ||
| negative | no punas | no puna | no punamos | no punáis | no punan | ||
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.
Selected combined forms of punir
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| with infinitive punir | |||||||
| dative | punirme | punirte | punirle, punirse | punirnos | puniros | punirles, punirse | |
| accusative | punirme | punirte | punirlo, punirla, punirse | punirnos | puniros | punirlos, punirlas, punirse | |
| with gerund puniendo | |||||||
| dative | puniéndome | puniéndote | puniéndole, puniéndose | puniéndonos | puniéndoos | puniéndoles, puniéndose | |
| accusative | puniéndome | puniéndote | puniéndolo, puniéndola, puniéndose | puniéndonos | puniéndoos | puniéndolos, puniéndolas, puniéndose | |
| with informal second-person singular tú imperative pune | |||||||
| dative | púneme | púnete | púnele | púnenos | not used | púneles | |
| accusative | púneme | púnete | púnelo, púnela | púnenos | not used | púnelos, púnelas | |
| with informal second-person singular vos imperative puní | |||||||
| dative | punime | punite | punile | puninos | not used | puniles | |
| accusative | punime | punite | punilo, punila | puninos | not used | punilos, punilas | |
| with formal second-person singular imperative puna | |||||||
| dative | púname | not used | púnale, púnase | púnanos | not used | púnales | |
| accusative | púname | not used | púnalo, púnala, púnase | púnanos | not used | púnalos, púnalas | |
| with first-person plural imperative punamos | |||||||
| dative | not used | punámoste | punámosle | punámonos | punámoos | punámosles | |
| accusative | not used | punámoste | punámoslo, punámosla | punámonos | punámoos | punámoslos, punámoslas | |
| with informal second-person plural imperative punid | |||||||
| dative | punidme | not used | punidle | punidnos | puníos | punidles | |
| accusative | punidme | not used | punidlo, punidla | punidnos | puníos | punidlos, punidlas | |
| with formal second-person plural imperative punan | |||||||
| dative | púnanme | not used | púnanle | púnannos | not used | púnanles, púnanse | |
| accusative | púnanme | not used | púnanlo, púnanla | púnannos | not used | púnanlos, púnanlas, púnanse | |
Further reading
- “punir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014