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单词 perennial
释义

perennial

English

WOTD – 18 May 2022

Etymology

The adjective is borrowed from Latin perennis (“lasting through the whole year or for several years, perennial; continual, everlasting, perpetual”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Perennis is derived from per- (“completive or intensifying prefix with the sense of doing something all the way through or entirely”) + annus (“year; season, time”)[1] (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et- (“to go”)). The English word is analysable as per- +‎ -ennial.

The noun is derived from the adjective.

cognates
  • Middle French pérenne (modern French pérenne (“lasting through the whole year, perennial”))
  • Italian perenne (“lasting for a long time”)
  • Spanish perenne (“eternal; permanent; a perennial plant”)

Pronunciation

  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pəˈɹɛn.ɪ.əl/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /pəˈɹɛn.j(ə)l/, /pəˈɹɛn.i.əl/
  • Audio (GA)(file)
  • Hyphenation: per‧en‧ni‧al

Adjective

perennial (not comparable)

  1. Lasting or remaining active throughout the year, or all the time.
    Synonym: (archaic or obsolete) perennal
    a perennial stream
    • 1644 March 8 (Gregorian calendar)​, John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 27 February 1644]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], volume I, 2nd edition, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, OCLC 976971842, page 43:
      [W]hat is most admirable is the vast enclosure, and variety of ground, in ye large garden, containing vineyards, cornefields, meadows, groves (whereof one is of perennial greens), and walkes of vast lengthes, so accurately kept and cultivated, that nothing can be more agreeable.
    • 1713, W[illiam] Derham, “[A Survey of the Terraqueous Globe.] The Distribution of the Earth and Waters.”, in Physico-Theology: Or, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, from His Works of Creation. […], London: […] W[illiam] Innys, […], OCLC 2313581, book II (Of the Terraqueous Globe It Self, in General), footnote 3, pages 49–50:
      And there is ſuch a thing as Subterraneous Heat, […] [a]s is manifeſt from the ſmoking of perennial Fountains in froſty VVeather, and VVater dravvn out of Pumps and open VVells.
    • 1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “The Ponds”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, OCLC 4103827, page 191:
      It [the pond] is a clear and deep green well, half a mile long and a mile and three quarters in circumference, and contains about sixty-one and a half acres; a perennial spring in the midst of pine and oak woods, without any visible inlet or outlet except by the clouds and evaporation.
    • 1876, Herman Melville, “Canto I. In the Mountain.”, in Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land. […], volume II, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons […], OCLC 27956040, part III (Mar Saba), page 306:
      That desert's age the gorge may prove, / Piercing profound the mountain bare; / Yet hardly churned out in the groove / By a perennial wear and tear / Of floods; nay, dry it shows within; / But twice a year the waters flow, / Nor then in tide, but dribbling thin: […]
  2. (figuratively)
    1. Continuing without cessation or intermission for several years, or for an undetermined or infinite period; neverending or never failing; perpetual, unceasing.
      Synonyms: continual, enduring, everlasting, permanent, timeless; see also Thesaurus:eternal
      His artwork has a perennial beauty.
      • 1717, Leonard Welsted, “Book XV. [The Deification of Julius Cæsar.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 731548838, page 545:
        There, on perennial Adamant deſign'd, / The various Fortunes of your Race you'll find: […]
      • 1750 December 5, Samuel Johnson, “No. 72. Saturday, November 24. 1750 [Julian calendar].”, in The Rambler, volume III, Edinburgh: [[…] Sands, Murray, and Cochran]; sold by W. Gordon, C. Wright, J. Yair, […], published 1750, OCLC 702676921, page 155:
        Good humour may be defined a habit of being pleaſed, a conſtant and perennial ſoftneſs of manner, eaſineſs of approach, and ſuavity of diſpoſition; […]
      • 1790 November, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event. […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], OCLC 946162345, page 232:
        The perennial exiſtence of bodies corporate and their fortunes, are things particularly ſuited to a man who has long views; who meditates deſigns that require time in faſhioning; and which propoſe duration when they are accompliſhed.
      • 1839 (indicated as 1840), Thomas Carlyle, “Finest Peasantry in the World”, in Chartism, London: James Fraser, […], OCLC 1894556, page 25:
        Has Ireland been governed in a 'wise and loving' manner? A government and guidance of white European men which has issued in perennial hunger of potatoes to the third man extant,—ought to drop a veil over its fact, and walk out of court under conduct of proper officers; saying no word; expecting now of a surety sentence either to change or die.
      • 1864 May – 1865 November, Charles Dickens, “A Marriage Contract”, in Our Mutual Friend. […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1865, OCLC 1016551263, book the first (The Cup and the Lip), page 90:
        She has a large gold eye-glass, has Lady Tippins, to survey the proceedings with. If she had one in each eye, it might keep that other drooping lid up, and look more uniform. But perennial youth is in her artificial flowers, and her list of lovers is full.
      • 1882, John Boyle O’Reilly, “The Three Queens”, in In Bohemia, Boston, Mass.: The Pilot Publishing Co. […], published 1886, OCLC 1079232343, stanza 2, page 77:
        Her name was Liberty! Earth lay before her, / And throbbed unconscious fealty and truth; / Morning and night men hastened to adore her, / And from her eyes Peace drew perennial youth.
    2. Appearing or recurring again and again; recurrent.
      Synonyms: repetitious; see also Thesaurus:repetitive
      a perennial candidate in elections
      Change is a perennial theme in politics.
      • 1881, “Free-lance” [pseudonym; J. T. Denny], “Ludgate Hill only Rises about Four Feet in Every Hundred—Societies—the Bearing Rein only Required on Cripples”, in Horses and Roads: Or How to Keep a Horse Sound on His Legs […], 3rd edition, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., OCLC 1117149338, page 129:
        Ludgate Hill is not Moirosi’s Mountain, but, after all, is only a gentle ascent of about half an inch in the foot, over a length of about two hundred yards, up which unshod omnibus horses would trot with a full load in any weather. Yet there it must remain, a chief thoroughfare in the heart of London, a perennial cause of complaint, and of fear, disgust, and injury to man and horse.
      • 1886, Annie Besant, Life, Death, and Immortality, London: Freethought Publishing Company, […], OCLC 79181382, page 3:
        Of all the questions which, throughout the centuries, have escaped from the lips of man, there is none which has been asked with such persistence, none which has possessed interest more perennial, than "Whence do I come? Whither shall I go?" Man's origin, man's hereafter, have ever been of intensest interest to man.
      1. (rare) Appearing again each year; annual.
  3. (botany) Of a plant: active throughout the year, or having a life cycle of more than two growing seasons.
    Coordinate terms: annual, biennial

Derived terms

  • perennialism
  • perennialist
  • perenniality
  • perennialization
  • perennialize
  • perennially
  • perennial philosophy
  • perenniation
  • perennate
  • perennating (adjective)
  • perennation
  • perennious (archaic or literary)
  • perennity

Translations

continuing without cessation or intermission for several years, or for an undetermined or infinite period — See also translations at perpetual,‎ unceasing
appearing or recurring again and again — See also translations at recurrent
appearing again each year — see annual

Noun

perennial (plural perennials)

  1. (botany) A plant that is active throughout the year, or has a life cycle of more than two growing seasons.
    Coordinate terms: annual, biennial, evergreen
    • 1917 January, Robert F[iske] Griggs, “The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes”, in National Geographic, volume XXXI, number 1, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society […], ISSN 0027-9358, OCLC 1049714034:
      One would have supposed from the appearance of the country at the end of the first season after the eruption that practically all plants except the trees and bushes had been destroyed, and that revegetation must be due to new seedlings started on the ash. Such, however, is not the case. Excavation of the root systems of the new plants shows that they are old perennials which have come through the ash from the old soil.
  2. (by extension)
    1. A thing that lasts forever.
    2. A person or thing (such as a problem) that appears or returns regularly.
      • 2019 June 21, Sterling Whitaker, “Hottest Country Tours to See in Summer 2019”, in Taste of Country‎, archived from the original on 31 May 2021:
        Some of the stars on our list are perennials who fill huge venues year after year after year, but there's also a returning superstar on our list of the hottest summer tours of 2019.

Translations

References

  1. “perennial, adj. and n.”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, March 2022; “perennial, adj. and n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.

Further reading

  • perennial plant on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • perennial (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

  • -prenaline
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