penumbra
See also: Penumbra
English
WOTD – 28 January 2013, 28 January 2015
Alternative forms
- pænumbra (obsolete, rare)
Etymology
From New Latin pēnumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).[1][2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pəˈnʌm.bɹə/, enPR: pĭ-nŭm'brə
- Hyphenation: pen‧um‧bra or pe‧num‧bra
Audio (UK) (file)
Noun
penumbra (plural penumbras or penumbrae or (obsolete) penumbræ)
- A partially shaded area around the edges of a shadow, especially an eclipse.
- 2011, Galen C. Duree, Jr., Optics for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, Inc., published 2011, →ISBN, page 61:
- The other places see the penumbra of the moon's shadow fall on the earth, so the eclipse is partial, and part of the sun's disc is still visible.
- 2011, Frank McLynn, Captain Cook: Master of the Seas, Yale University Press, published 2011, →ISBN, page 112:
- In the boiling temperature of 119 ° F – the hottest they had experienced so far – they watched as the penumbra of Venus blurred its outline at the precise moment the disc crossed the sun.
- 2012, Michael A. Seeds; Dana E. Backman, Horizons: Exploring the Universe, Brooks/Cole, published 2012, →ISBN, page 37:
- The part of the moon that remains in the penumbra receives some direct sunlight, and the glare is usually great enough to prevent your seeing the faint coppery glow of the part of the moon in the umbra.
-
- (astronomy) A region around the edge of a sunspot, darker than the sun's surface but lighter than the middle of the sunspot.
- (figuratively) An area of uncertainty or intermediacy between two mutually exclusive states or categories.
- 1998, Debraj Ray, Development Economics, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, pages 346-347:
- These firms or businesses are not illegal in the strict sense, but there is a shadowy penumbra within which they live, and it is often convenient for the government to look the other way.
- 2010, Denis Farkasfalvy, Inspiration and Interpretation: A Theological Introduction to Sacred Scripture, The Catholic University of America Press, published 2010, →ISBN, page 188:
- […] God chose to descend into the realm of human imperfection, where the light of truth is spare and must exist in the penumbra of partial knowledge mixed with partial ignorance.
- 2011, Bill Schwartz, The White Man's World, Oxford University Press, published 2011, →ISBN, page 136:
- Unlike some of his contemporaries Parkes never implied that the Irish were close, in the racial hierarchy, to black, condemned to some racial penumbra, between black and white; but nor, given Catholic exclusion from the given traditions of his native radicalism, were the Irish white in the same way that he was.
-
- (figuratively) An area that lies on the edge of something; a fringe.
- 1975, Bryan R. Wilson, The Noble Savages: The Primitive Origins of Charisma and Its Contemporary Survival, Quantum Books, published 1975, →ISBN, page 116:
- Whilst the orthodox, de-charismatized churches steadily lose influence and support and the new cults develop, in the religious penumbra there have persisted, during the last century, echoes of charisma.
- 1986, John McCormick, "Chicago Bounces Back", Newsweek, Volume 108, page 42:
- But for all the expansionist energy of a metro area that sprawls from Wisconsin to Indiana (total population: 7.2 million), downtown Chicago and its penumbra also stand rejuvenated.
- 2000, Steve Jones, The Language of Genes, Flamingo, →ISBN, page xv:
- Some are accounts of the latest advances, but too many are in that weary penumbra of science inhabited by sociologists, who wander like children in a toyshop, playing with devices they scarcely understand.
-
- Something related to, connected to, and implied by, the existence of something else that is necessary for the second thing to be full and complete in its essential aspects.
- 1965, William O. Douglas, Griswold v. Connecticut, United States Reports, 381 U.S. 479
- The foregoing [United States Supreme Court] cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance.
- 1965, William O. Douglas, Griswold v. Connecticut, United States Reports, 381 U.S. 479
- (medicine, preceded by "ischaemic", after a stroke) A region of the brain that has lost only some of its blood supply, and retains structural integrity but has lost function.
Quotations
- 1842, [George B. Loring], England Opposed to Slavery, or Some Remarks upon “An Examination into the Real Causes of the War Against the United States, and an Appeal to the Other Powers of Europe Against the Purposes of England.”, Boston: Benjamin H. Greene, pages 48–49:
- Thank God we are not all cowards, we have not all a low ambition, which would make men shades, pœnumbræ of their fellows.
Synonyms
- (area of uncertainty or intermediacy): grey area
- (area that lies on the edge of something): periphery, outskirt
Derived terms
- penumbral
Translations
partially shaded area around a shadow, especially an eclipse
|
region around a sunspot
|
References
- Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “penumbra”, in Online Etymology Dictionary: “ […] from Modern Latin penumbra "partial shadow outside the complete shadow of an eclipse," coined 1604 by Kepler from Latin pæne "nearly, almost, practically," which is of uncertain origin, + umbra "shadow" (see umbrage).”
- “penumbra” in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th revised edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN; reproduced on TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2023: “New Latin pēnumbra : Latin paene, almost + Latin umbra, shadow.”
Finnish
Etymology
Internationalism (see English penumbra).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpenumbrɑ/, [ˈpe̞numbrɑ]
- Rhymes: -enumbrɑ
- Syllabification(key): pe‧numb‧ra
Noun
penumbra
- penumbra
Declension
| Inflection of penumbra (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | penumbra | penumbrat | |
| genitive | penumbran | penumbrien | |
| partitive | penumbraa | penumbria | |
| illative | penumbraan | penumbriin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | penumbra | penumbrat | |
| accusative | nom. | penumbra | penumbrat |
| gen. | penumbran | ||
| genitive | penumbran | penumbrien penumbrainrare | |
| partitive | penumbraa | penumbria | |
| inessive | penumbrassa | penumbrissa | |
| elative | penumbrasta | penumbrista | |
| illative | penumbraan | penumbriin | |
| adessive | penumbralla | penumbrilla | |
| ablative | penumbralta | penumbrilta | |
| allative | penumbralle | penumbrille | |
| essive | penumbrana | penumbrina | |
| translative | penumbraksi | penumbriksi | |
| instructive | — | penumbrin | |
| abessive | penumbratta | penumbritta | |
| comitative | — | penumbrineen | |
| Possessive forms of penumbra (type koira) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | penumbrani | penumbramme |
| 2nd person | penumbrasi | penumbranne |
| 3rd person | penumbransa | |
Synonyms
- (part of a shadow): puolivarjo
Portuguese
Etymology
From New Latin penumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /peˈnũ.bɾɐ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /peˈnũ.bɾa/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /pɨˈnũ.bɾɐ/
- Hyphenation: pe‧num‧bra
Noun
penumbra f (plural penumbras)
- situation of low light
Further reading
- “penumbra” in iDicionário Aulete.
- “penumbra” in Dicionário inFormal.
- “penumbra” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
- “penumbra” in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2023.
- “penumbra” in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa.
- “penumbra” in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa.
Romanian
Noun
penumbra f
- definite nominative/accusative singular of penumbră
Spanish
Etymology
From New Latin penumbra, from Latin paene (“almost”) + umbra (“shadow”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /peˈnumbɾa/ [peˈnũm.bɾa]
- Rhymes: -umbɾa
- Syllabification: pe‧num‧bra
Noun
penumbra f (plural penumbras)
- half-light
- 2010 April, Joaquín Londáiz Montiel, Crónicas de la Atlántida, Montena, →ISBN, page 31:
- La estancia se encontraba sumida en una inquietante penumbra.
- The room was immersed in a disturbing half-light.
-
- shadow, shade
- 1926, Federico García Lorca, Oda a salvador Dalí
- El mundo tiene sordas penumbras y desorden,
- en los primeros términos que el humano frecuenta.
- Pero ya las estrellas ocultando paisajes,
- señalan el esquema perfecto de sus órbitas.
- 1926, Federico García Lorca, Oda a salvador Dalí
- penumbra
Further reading
- “penumbra”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014