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单词 pena
释义

pena

See also: Pena, Peña, péna, pená, penà, peña, pěna, and pę́na

Asturian

Noun

pena f (plural penes)

  1. grief; sorrow
  2. punishment
  3. sentence (for a crime)

Derived terms

  • ameritar la pena
  • valir la pena

Bikol Central

Alternative forms

  • penar (verb)

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish pena.

Pronunciation

  • Hyphenation: pe‧na
  • IPA(key): /ˈpena/

Noun

péna

  1. penalty
    Synonym: padusa
  2. prohibition; forbiddance
    Synonyms: prohibisiyon, pagbawal, pangalad

Verb

péna

  1. to penalize
    Synonym: padusa
  2. to prohibit, to forbid
    Synonym: prohibir

Derived terms

  • ipena
  • magpena
  • penahan

Catalan

Etymology

From Old Catalan pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Pronunciation

  • (Balearic) IPA(key): /ˈpə.nə/
  • (Central) IPA(key): /ˈpɛ.nə/
  • (Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/

Noun

pena f (plural penes)

  1. punishment, penalty
  2. grief, sorrow, pain
  3. a shame, a pity

Derived terms

  • a penes
  • pena capital
  • penal
  • penar
  • valer la pena

Verb

pena

  1. third-person singular present indicative form of penar
  2. second-person singular imperative form of penar

References

  • “pena” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
  • “pena”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
  • “pena” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
  • “pena” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Galician

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpena̝/

Etymology 1

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. punishment, penalty
    • 1370, Enrique Cal Pardo (ed.), Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo. Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103:
      o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas
      the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement
    Synonym: castigo
  2. pain; sadness
    • 1370, Ramón Lorenzo (ed.), Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731:
      en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena
      so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain
    Synonyms: dor, tristura, mágoa
  • pena de morte (“death penalty”)
  • penar
  • penitencia
  • penitente
  • que pena
  • vale a pena

Etymology 2

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. vanes or blades of a water wheel
    Synonym: aspa
  2. (archaic) feather
    • 1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo:
      Fala o corbo, escoyten todos:
      Eu veño con asas negras
      Cortando os ventos de longe
      Para chegar à estas festas.
      Oge Apolo me tornou
      En brancas as negras penas,
      Para cantar como o Cisne
      As grandezas de Fonseca.
      The raven speaks, listen everyone:
      "I come with black wings
      Cutting the winds from afar
      To arrive to these feasts.
      Today Apolo turned
      White my black feathers
      For singing, as the Swan,
      The greatness of Fonseca."
    Synonym: pluma
  3. (archaic) pelt
    • 1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé (ed.), Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria. Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133:
      coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina
      all of that boiled together with a hen pelt
    Synonym: pelica
Derived terms
  • depenar (“to pluck, to peel”)
  • depenicar (“to pluck”)
  • penacho (“tuft, crest”)

Etymology 3

Pena do Guerreiro (rock known as "the Warrior"), Carnota, Galicia
Pena Surbia (2116 m) and Pena Trevinca (2127 m), highest mountains in Galicia

From Old Galician and Old Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna ("feather, wing"; then "merlon, fortress"; then, hypothetically, "rock"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”).[1][2] Compare Portuguese penha.

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. boulder, rock
    • 1370, Ramón Lorenzo (ed.), Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688:
      alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo
      there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high
    Synonym: penedo
  2. (archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain
    Synonym: cabeza
Derived terms
  • Pena
  • Pena Corveira
  • Penaboa
  • Penalba
  • Penalonga
  • Penamaior
  • Penamoura
  • Pendón
  • Peneda
  • penedo (“boulder, rocky outcrop”)
  • Penedón
  • Penela
  • Penelas
  • Penido
  • Penouco
  • Penouta
  • Penouzos

References

  • “pena” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
  • “pena” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
  • “pena” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
  • "pena" in Santamarina, Antón (coord.): Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega. <http://ilg.usc.es/TILG/>
  • “pena” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.
  1. Cf. Joan Coromines; José A. Pascual (1983–1991), “peña”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. García Trabazo, José Virgilio (2016), “Prelatin Toponymy of Asturies: a critical review in a historical-comparative perspective”, in Lletres Asturianes‎, issue 115, retrieved 14 June 2018, pages 51-71

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese pena. Cognate with Kabuverdianu péna.

Noun

pena

  1. feather

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay penna, from Portuguese pena (“quill”), from Old Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Influenced by Dutch pen. Doublet of pen.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ˈpɛna]
  • Hyphenation: pè‧na

Noun

pèna (first-person possessive penaku, second-person possessive penamu, third-person possessive penanya)

  1. pen (writing utensil)

Alternative forms

  • pen (nonstandard)

Synonyms

  • bolpen

Further reading

  • “pena” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

Italian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/
  • Rhymes: -ena
  • Hyphenation: pé‧na

Etymology 1

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural pene)

  1. sorrow
  2. trouble
  3. worry, anxiety
  4. pity
  5. sentence, penalty, punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, punizione
  6. pain
Derived terms
  • fare pena
  • istituto di pena
  • penare
  • prendersi la pena
  • valere la pena
  • penale

Verb

pena

  1. inflection of penare:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

  • pena in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

  • nepa, pane

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural penes)

  1. penalty, punishment

Latin

Pronunciation

  • (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈpeː.na/, [ˈpeːnä]
  • (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/, [ˈpɛːnä]

Noun

pēna f (genitive pēnae); first declension

  1. Alternative form of poena [Mediaeval–early New Latin]

Declension

First-declension noun.

CaseSingularPlural
Nominativepēnapēnae
Genitivepēnaepēnārum
Dativepēnaepēnīs
Accusativepēnampēnās
Ablativepēnāpēnīs
Vocativepēnapēnae

References

  • pena in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
  • pena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
  • pena in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)

  1. pain; suffering

Synonyms

  • dolor

Descendants

  • Occitan: pena

Portuguese

Etymology 1

From Old Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena,[1] from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.

Pronunciation

 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈpe.nɐ/

  • Rhymes: -enɐ
  • Hyphenation: pe‧na

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, condenação
  2. pain; sadness
    Synonyms: dor, tristeza
Derived terms
  • penoso

Interjection

pena

  1. pity (what a shame, what a pity)
  • penar
  • penitência
  • penitente
  • vale a pena

Etymology 2

From Old Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna,[1] from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).

pena

Pronunciation

 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈpe.nɐ/

  • Hyphenation: pe‧na

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. feather
    Synonym: pluma
  2. quill (pen made from a feather)
  3. (dated) Alternative form of penha
Derived terms
  • penada
  • Pena
  • Penacova
  • Penafiel
  • Penalva
  • plumagem
  • penugem

Pronunciation

 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpẽ.nɐ/
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈpe.na/
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈpɛ.nɐ/

  • Hyphenation: pe‧na

Verb

pena

  1. inflection of penar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

References

  1. “pena” in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2023.

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

  • (Ijekavian): pjȅna

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Noun

pȅna f (Cyrillic spelling пе̏на)

  1. foam

Declension

Declension of pena
singularplural
nominativepȅnapene
genitivepenepȇnā
dativepenipenama
accusativepenupene
vocativepenopene
locativepenipenama
instrumentalpenompenama

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpɛna/

Noun

pena f (genitive singular peny, nominative plural peny, genitive plural pien, declension pattern of žena)

  1. foam

Declension

Declension of pena
singularplural
nominativepenapeny
genitivepenypien
dativepenepenám
accusativepenupeny
locativepenepenách
instrumentalpenoupenami

Derived terms

  • penový
  • pienka

Further reading

  • pena in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *pěna.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /pèːna/

Noun

pẹ́na f

  1. foam

Inflection

Feminine, a-stem
nominativepéna
genitivepéne
singular
nominative
(imenovȃlnik)		péna
genitive
(rodȋlnik)		—
dative
(dajȃlnik)		—
accusative
(tožȋlnik)		—
locative
(mẹ̑stnik)		péni
instrumental
(orọ̑dnik)		péno

Spanish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpena/ [ˈpe.na]
  • Rhymes: -ena
  • Syllabification: pe‧na

Etymology 1

From Old Spanish pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).

Noun

pena f (plural penas)

  1. punishment
    Synonyms: castigo, condena
  2. pain, sadness
    Synonyms: dolor, tristeza
  3. trouble
    Synonyms: problema, dificultad
  4. (Latin America) embarrassment
    Synonym: vergüenza
  5. pity
    Synonym: lástima
Derived terms
  • a duras penas
  • ahogar las penas
  • apenar
  • a penas
  • dar pena
  • de pena
  • hecho una pena
  • pena de muerte
  • pena máxima
  • penar
  • penoso
  • qué pena me das
  • so pena de
  • valer la pena
  • penal
  • penitencia
  • penitente

Verb

pena

  1. inflection of penar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

  • “pena”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish pena.

Pronunciation

  • Hyphenation: pe‧na
  • IPA(key): /ˈpena/, [ˈpe.nɐ]

Noun

pena (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)

  1. punishment
    Synonyms: kastigo, parusa
  2. penalty; fine
  3. pain; sorrow; grief
  • penal

References

  • “pena”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, 2018

Turkish

Etymology

From Italian penna.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpɛnɑ/
  • Hyphenation: pe‧na

Noun

pena (definite accusative penayı, plural penalar)

  1. (music) plectrum

Declension

Inflection
Nominativepena
Definite accusativepenayı
SingularPlural
Nominativepenapenalar
Definite accusativepenayıpenaları
Dativepenayapenalara
Locativepenadapenalarda
Ablativepenadanpenalardan
Genitivepenanınpenaların

Synonyms

  • mızrap
  • çalgıç
  • tezene

Venetian

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *ad poenam, with apheresis of /a-/. Compare Italian appena, etc.

Adverb

pena

  1. hardly

Volapük

Noun

pena

  1. genitive singular of pen
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