par

See also: Appendix:Variations of "par"

English

Etymology 1

Abbreviations

Noun

par

Abbreviation of paragraph.
Abbreviation of parenthesis.
Abbreviation of parish.

Adjective

par

Abbreviation of parallel.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from French par (“through, by”), from Latin per (“through”). Doublet of per.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pɑː/
(US) IPA^(key): /pɑɹ/, [pʰɑɹ], [pʰɑ˞]
Audio (UK) (file)
Audio (US) (file)
Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)
Homophones: pa (non-rhotic), pah (non-rhotic; etymology 2), paw (non-rhotic with cot-caught and father-bother mergers)

Preposition

par

(in compounds) By; with.

Usage notes

Used frequently in Middle English in phrases taken from French, being sometimes written as a part of the word which it governs; as, par amour, or paramour; par cas, or parcase; par fay, or parfay.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Latin pār (“equal”).

Noun

par (plural pars)

Equal value; equality of nominal and actual value; the value expressed on the face or in the words of a certificate of value, as a bond or other commercial paper.
Equality of condition or circumstances.
(golf, mostly uncountable) The allotted number of strokes to reach the hole.
He needs to make this shot for par.
(golf, countable) A hole in which a player achieves par.
- 2009, January 18, Paul Casey storms to four-stroke lead in Abu Dhabi‎:
  Kaymer started with six straight pars before making a birdie on the seventh and an eagle on the eighth.
(UK) An amount which is taken as an average or mean.

Coordinate terms

(golf score):

buzzard
bogey
birdie
eagle
albatross
condor
ostrich

Derived terms

terms derived from par (noun)

below par
mint par, mint par of exchange
on par, on a par
par for the course
under par
up to par

Verb

par (third-person singular simple present pars, present participle parring, simple past and past participle parred)

(transitive, golf) To reach the hole in the allotted number of strokes.
He will need to par every hole in order to win this game.

Noun

par (plural pars)

Alternative form of parr (“young salmon”)

Anagrams

APR, ARP, Apr, Apr., Arp, PRA, RAP, RPA, Rap, apr, arp, rap

Ambonese Malay

Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese para.

Preposition

par

for
in order to
par bali roko ― in order to buy tobacco

References

D. Takaria, C. Pieter (1998) Kamus Bahasa Melayu Ambon-Indonesia‎, Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa

Aromanian

Etymology 1

From Latin pāreō. Compare Daco-Romanian părea, par.

Alternative forms

paru, ampar, apar, aparu

Verb

par (past participle pãrutã)

I seem, appear.

Derived terms

pãreari / pãreare
pãrut

Etymology 2

From Latin pālus. Compare Daco-Romanian par.

Alternative forms

paru

Noun

par

stake

Related terms

mpar

Chavacano

Etymology

From Spanish par (“pair”).

Noun

par

pair

Danish

Etymology 1

From late Old Danish par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpʰɑ]
Rhymes: -ar

Noun

par n (singular definite parret, plural indefinite par)

pair
couple

Inflection

Declension of par

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
neuter gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	par	parret	par	parrene
genitive	pars	parrets	pars	parrenes

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpʰɑː]

Noun

par c

(golf) par (the allotted number of strokes to reach the hole)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈpʰɑˀ]

Verb

par

imperative of parre

Faroese

Etymology

From late Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin pār.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pʰɛaːɹ/
Rhymes: -ɛaːɹ

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, plural pør)

pair

Declension

Declension of par
n5	singular		plural
n5	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	par	parið	pør	pørini
accusative	par	parið	pør	pørini
dative	pari	parinum	pørum	pørunum
genitive	pars	parsins	para	paranna

French

Etymology

From Middle French par, from Old French par, from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *peri.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /paʁ/
audio (file)
Homophones: pars, part
Rhymes: -aʁ

Preposition

par

through
par la fenêtre ― through the window
aller par le parc ― go through the park
by (used to introduce a means; used to introduce an agent in a passive construction))
voyager par train ― travel by train
par surprise ― by surprise
le bateau est attaqué par des pirates. ― the boat is [being] attacked by pirates.
over (used to express direction)
Viens par ici ! ― Come over here!
from (used to describe the origin of something, especially a view or movement)
voir par devant ― see from the back
le liquide est arrivé par le robinet ― the liquid arrived from the tap
around, round (inside of)
par tout le cinéma ― all around the cinema
on (situated on, used in certain phrases)
par terre ― on the ground
on, at, in (used to denote a time when something occurs)
par un beau jour ― on a nice day
par un soir ― in one evening
in
marcher par deux ― walk in twos
per, a, an
trois fois par semaine ― three times a week
out of (used to describe the reason for something)
par pure colère ― out of pure anger
par tristesse ― out of sadness
for

Derived terms

de par
par ici
par là
par-ci, par-là

Descendants

→ English: par

Noun

par m (plural pars)

(golf) par

Anagrams

rap

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

par

for
through
by

Gabrielino-Fernandeño

Alternative forms

paar /paːr/, pa'r
paara'

Etymology

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa.

Noun

par

water

References

Kroeber, Shoshonean Dialects of California, in University of California Publications: American archaeology and ethnology, volume 4, page 81
HG

German

Determiner

par (invariable)

Obsolete spelling of paar (“a few, couple”)

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pʰaːr/
Audio (file)
Rhymes: -aːr

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German par, from Latin pār (“equal”).

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, nominative plural pör)

pair
a couple, two people who are dating
(poker) pair

Declension

declension of par

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular		plural
nominative	par	parið	pör	pörin
accusative	par	parið	pör	pörin
dative	pari	parinu	pörum	pörunum
genitive	pars	parsins	para	paranna

Synonyms

(pair): tvenna

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English par.

Noun

par n (genitive singular pars, no plural)

(golf) par

Declension

declension of par

	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular
nominative	par	parið
accusative	par	parið
dative	pari	parinu
genitive	pars	parsins

Indo-Portuguese

Etymology

From Portuguese para, from Old Portuguese pera, from Latin per (“through”) + ad (“to”).

Preposition

par

(Diu) to (indicates indirect object)
- 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:
  Já fallou par su pai aquêl mais piquin, […]
  The youngest one told (literally: said to) his father […]
(Diu) for (indicates subject of an infinitive)
- 1883, Hugo Schuchardt, Kreolische Studien, volume 3:
  Trasê tamêm um vaquinh bem gord e matá par nós comê e par nós regalá:
  Bring also a small and very fat cow and kill (it) for us to eat and for us to regale ourselves:

Istriot

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

par

for
through

Kaqchikel

Etymology

From Proto-Mayan *pahay.

Noun

par

skunk

References

Brown, R. McKenna; Maxwell, Judith M.; Little, Walter E. (2006) ¿La ütz awäch? Introduction to Kaqchikel Maya Language, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 237
Ruyán Canú, Déborah; Coyote Tum, Rafael; Munson L., Jo Ann (1991) Diccionario cakchiquel central y español‎ (in Spanish), Instituto Lingüístico de Verano de Centroamérica, page 180

Latin

Etymology

Unclear. A traditional reconstruction is Proto-Indo-European *per(h₂)- (“to exchange”), comparing Ancient Greek πέρνημι (pérnēmi) etc. and Lithuanian pirkti; but this accounts badly for the /a(ː)/. De Vaan suggests *peh₂s- (“to watch (over), see?”), linking Latin pāreō. All possibilities nonetheless suffer semantic problems. Others refrain from assigning an Indo-European root.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /paːr/, [päːr]

(Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /par/, [pär]

Adjective

pār (genitive paris, comparative parior, superlative parissimus, adverb pariter); third-declension one-termination adjective

even (of a number)
equal
Synonyms: aequus, aequālis, compār, adaequātus
Antonyms: dispār, inaequālis, impār, inīquus
like
suitable

Declension

Third-declension one-termination adjective.

Case / Gender	Masc./Fem.	Neuter	Masc./Fem.	Neuter
Number	Singular		Plural
Nominative	pār		parēs	paria
Genitive	paris		parium
Dative	parī		paribus
Accusative	parem	pār	parēs	paria
Ablative	parī		paribus
Vocative	pār		parēs	paria

Noun

par n (genitive pāris); third declension

pair, couple

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, “pure” i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	par	pāria
Genitive	pāris	pārium
Dative	pārī	pāribus
Accusative	par	pāria
Ablative	pārī	pāribus
Vocative	par	pāria

Derived terms

aequipār
compār
dispār
impār
parō
sēpār
cēterīs pāribus
parium (Late Latin)

Descendants

Anglo-Norman: peir, paire, peire
- → Middle English: pere
  - English: peer
Catalan: par
→ Middle Dutch: paer
- Dutch: paar
→ English: par
Old French: pair, paire
- French: pair, paire
- → English: pair
- → Irish: péire
- → Welsh: pâr
Galician: par
Italian: paio, pari
→ Middle High German: par
- German: Paar
- → Polish: para
  - → Russian: пара (para)
→ Middle Low German: par
- → Swedish: par
  - → Finnish: pari
Portuguese: par
Romanian: par
Sicilian: paru
Spanish: par
→ Swedish: par
Venetian: par

Latvian

Preposition

par (with accusative)

about, on
than
for (price)
as

Maltese

Etymology

Borrowed from Sicilian paru.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /paːr/

Noun

par m (plural pari)

couple, pair

Derived terms

mpar

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French par.

Conjunction

par

by (introduces an agent)
- 1532, François Rabelais, Pantagruel:
  Comment Epistemon qui avoit la teste tranchée, fut guery habillement par Panurge.
  How Epistemon who had his head cut off was adroitly cured by Panurge
  .

Descendants

French: par
- → English: par

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From *p- + *ar-, cognate with Avestan 𐬫𐬁𐬭𐬆-‎ (yārə-, “year”), English year, all from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pɑːɾ/

Noun

par f

share, part

Noun

par f

last year

Adverb

par

last year

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para or parene)

a pair
et par sko ― a pair of shoes
a couple
a few (determiner)
for et par dager siden ― a few days ago

Derived terms

brudepar
ektepar
kongepar
parvis

Noun

par n

(golf, uncountable) par
ett slag under par ― one stroke under par

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /paːr/, [pʰɐ̞ːr]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse par, from Middle Low German par, from Latin paria (“equals”), neuter plural of pār. Akin to English pair.

Noun

par n (definite singular paret, indefinite plural par, definite plural para)

a pair
eit par sko ― a pair of shoes
a couple
a few (determiner)
for eit par dagar sidan ― a few days ago

Derived terms

brudepar
ektepar
kongepar
parvis

Etymology 2

From English par.

Noun

par n

(golf, uncountable) par
eitt slag under par ― one stroke under par

References

“par” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old French

Etymology

From Latin per.

Conjunction

par

by; via (introduces a medium)
- circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide
  Tost m'oceïst par son orguel.
  Soon, he killed with his pride.
because of; due to (introduces a medium)
- circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide
  Premiers sont au mostier venu,
  La furent par devocion
  The first ones came to the minster,
  they were there to pray
by
- circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide
  L'une a l'autre par la main prise,
  They took each other by the hand
by; through; across
- circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide
  Li cheval par le chanp s'an fuient.
  The horses fled through the field
by (introduces an exclamation)
- circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide
  "Sire, par Deu et par sa croiz!
  "Sire! By God and by his cross!"
in (at a location)

Descendants

Middle French: par
- French: par
  - → English: par
Lorrain: poir
Picard: per

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /par/

Adverb

par (Perso-Arabic spelling پر)

suddenly

Alternative forms

pras

References

Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /par/
Rhymes: -ar
Syllabification: par

Noun

par

genitive plural of para
genitive plural of pary

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Portuguese par, from Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpaʁ/ [ˈpah]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈpaʁ/ [ˈpaχ]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɻ/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ/

Rhymes: -aɾ
Hyphenation: par

Noun

par m (plural pares)

pair
partner
couple
peer
(golf) par

Derived terms

grupo de pares

Adjective

par m or f (plural pares, not comparable)

(mathematics) even
Antonym: ímpar

Related terms

díspar
ímpar
paridade

Romagnol

Etymology

Inherited from Latin per (“by means of”). Compare Italian per (“for; to; through”).

Preposition

par

for
to

References

Masotti, Adelmo (1999) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano (in Italian), Zanichelli, page 418

Romanian

Etymology 1

From Latin pālus (“stake”), from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

Noun

par m (plural pari)

stake
club, bat

Declension

Declension of par

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) par	parul	(niște) pari	parii
genitive/dative	(unui) par	parului	(unor) pari	parilor
vocative	parule		parilor

Related terms

împăra

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin par.

Adjective

par m or n (feminine singular pară, masculine plural pari, feminine and neuter plural pare)

(of an integer) even; divisible by two

Declension

Declension of par

		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	par		pară	pari	pare
nominative/ accusative	definite	parul		para	parii	parele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	par		pare	pari	pare
genitive/ dative	definite	parului		parei	parilor	parelor

Antonyms

impar

Etymology 3

Form of părea.

Verb

par

inflection of părea:
1. first-person singular present indicative/subjunctive
2. third-person plural present indicative

Sassarese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /par/

Preposition

par

Alternative form of pa', sometimes used before vowel sounds
- 1989, Giovanni Maria Cherchi, “Dipididda [Parting]”, in La poesia di l'althri, Sassari: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, page 15:
  O me’ ziddài, digussì bedda ¶ e àipra, eu t’aggiu di dagà par eddu
  O town of mine, so beautiful and harsh, I'll have to leave you for it [destiny]

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From German Paar, from Latin par (“equal, like”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pâːr/

Noun

pȃr m (Cyrillic spelling па̑р)

pair, couple
(informal) few, handful, several

Declension

Declension of par

	singular	plural
nominative	pȃr	pȁrovi
genitive	para	parova
dative	paru	parovima
accusative	par	parove
vocative	pare	parovi
locative	paru	parovima
instrumental	parom	parovima

Derived terms

pȃran

Slovene

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pàːr/

Noun

pár m inan

pair
some, a couple (of)
couple (two partners)
(golf)) par
(card games) (poker) pair

Inflection

Masculine inan., hard o-stem
nom. sing.	pár
gen. sing.	pára
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	pár	pára	pári
genitive (rodȋlnik)	pára	párov	párov
dative (dajȃlnik)	páru	pároma	párom
accusative (tožȋlnik)	pár	pára	páre
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	páru	párih	párih
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	párom	pároma	pári

Synonyms

(some): nekaj

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin pār (“equal, like”), from Proto-Indo-European *per (“exchange”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ/ [ˈpaɾ]
Audio (Colombia) (file)
Rhymes: -aɾ
Syllabification: par

Adjective

par (plural pares)

even (divisible by two)
Antonym: impar

Derived terms

número par
parmente

Noun

par m (plural pares)

pair (two of the same or similar items that go together)
un par de calcetines
a pair of socks
couple (two of the same or similar items)
bebí un par de cervezas
I drank a couple of beers
(physics) two equal non-collinear forces; that is a force couple in Newtonian mechanics
peer (somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal)
some, a few

Noun

par f (plural pares)

(finance) par (acceptable level)

Derived terms

a la par
de par en par
de tres pares de narices
parear
par motor
par trenzado
revisión por pares
sin par
termopar

Related terms

impar
parejo

Swedish

Pronunciation

audio (file)

Noun

par n

a pair, a couple (either two or a few of something)
a couple, two people who are dating

Declension

Declension of par
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	par	paret	par	paren
Genitive	pars	parets	pars	parens

Related terms

para
parhus
parhäst
parmiddag
parrelation

Descendants

→ Finnish: pari

Anagrams

apr, rap

Tagalog

Etymology

Clipping of pare

Noun

par

pare, kumpare

Tok Pisin

Noun

par

stingray

Venetian

Alternative forms

paro
pèr

Etymology

From Latin pār. Compare Italian paio.

Noun

par m (plural pari)

pair

West Frisian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

par c (plural parren, diminutive parke)

pear

par

English

Etymology 1

Noun

Adjective

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Etymology 3

Noun

Coordinate terms

Derived terms

Verb

Noun

Anagrams

Ambonese Malay

Etymology

Preposition

References

Aromanian

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Verb

Derived terms

See also

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Noun

Related terms

Chavacano

Etymology

Noun

Danish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Verb

Faroese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Preposition

Derived terms

Descendants

Noun

Further reading

Anagrams

Friulian

Etymology

Preposition

Gabrielino-Fernandeño

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

References

German

Determiner

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Indo-Portuguese

Etymology

Preposition