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单词 oil
释义

oil

See also: óil, òil, oïl, and -oil

English

Alternative forms

  • oyl (obsolete)

Pronunciation

  • enPR: oil, IPA(key): /ɔɪl/, [ɔɪɫ]
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Audio (UK)(file)
  • Homophone: Oi'll
  • Rhymes: -ɔɪl

Etymology 1

From Middle English oyle, oile (“olive oil”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman olie, from Latin oleum (“oil, olive oil”), from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion, “olive oil”), from ἐλαία (elaía, “olive”). Compare Proto-Slavic *lojь. More at olive. Supplanted Middle English ele (“oil”), from Old English ele (“oil”), also from Latin.

Noun

oil (countable and uncountable, plural oils)

  1. Liquid fat.
  2. petroleum-based liquid used as fuel or lubricant.
  3. petroleum
    • 2013 August 3, “Yesterday’s fuel”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:
      The dawn of the oil age was fairly recent. Although the stuff was used to waterproof boats in the Middle East 6,000 years ago, extracting it in earnest began only in 1859 after an oil strike in Pennsylvania. The first barrels of crude fetched $18 (around $450 at today’s prices). It was used to make kerosene, the main fuel for artificial lighting after overfishing led to a shortage of whale blubber.
  4. (countable) An oil painting.
    • 1973, John Ulric Nef, Search for meaning: the autobiography of a nonconformist, page 89:
      Yet, in another way, I was unable to put Picasso's oils in the same class as Cezanne's, or even (which will no doubt shock many readers) as Renoir's.
  5. (painting) Oil paint.
    I prefer to paint in oil
  6. (attributive) Containing oil, conveying oil; intended for or capable of containing oil.
    oil barrel; oil pipe
    • 1884, Trade News, “A one-wheel Nantucket vehicle”, in The Automotive Manufacturer‎, page 372:
      Such a vehicle is made by taking any old barrel (usually an oil barrel, but the one selected for our sketch was one that once contained Valentine’s varnish) and through each head of the barrel an inch hole is bored, and an iron bar is driven through, leaving the ends projecting about eight inches.
Derived terms
Terms derived from the noun oil
  • baby oil
  • burn the midnight oil
  • castor oil
  • cod liver oil
  • cooking oil
  • cottonseed oil
  • croton oil
  • crude oil
  • essential oil
  • evening primrose oil
  • gas oil
  • gorli oil
  • grapeseed oil
  • infused oil
  • linseed oil
  • lubricating oil
  • mineral oil
  • motor oil
  • mustard oil
  • neck oil
  • North Sea oil
  • oil baron
  • oil change
  • oil field
  • oil-fired
  • oil firing
  • oiligarchy
  • oil-lit
  • oilman
  • oil paint
  • oil painting
  • oil palm
  • oil refinery
  • oil rig
  • oil sand
  • oil shale
  • oilskin
  • oil slick
  • oilsmoke
  • oil spill
  • oil stove
  • oil tanker
  • oil well
  • oily
  • olive oil
  • palm kernel oil
  • palm oil
  • peak oil
  • peppermint oil
  • pine oil
  • pour oil on troubled waters
  • rape oil
  • rapeseed oil
  • rock oil
  • sesame oil
  • shale oil
  • snake oil
  • sump oil
  • sunflower oil
  • sweet oil
  • tall oil
  • tung oil
  • valve oil
  • vegetable oil
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2

From Middle English oilen, oylen, from the noun (see above).

Verb

oil (third-person singular simple present oils, present participle oiling, simple past and past participle oiled)

  1. (transitive) To lubricate with oil.
    • 1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M. Hill Co., OCLC 297099816:
      Before they went to see Glinda, however, they were taken to a room of the Castle, where Dorothy washed her face and combed her hair, and the Lion shook the dust out of his mane, and the Scarecrow patted himself into his best shape, and the Woodman polished his tin and oiled his joints.
    • 1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 17, in The China Governess‎:
      The face which emerged was not reassuring.  […] . He was not a mongol but there was a deficiency of a sort there, and it was not made more pretty by a latter-day hair cut which involved eccentrically long elf-locks and oiled black curls.
  2. (transitive) To grease with oil for cooking.
Derived terms
  • unoil
Translations

Anagrams

  • ILO, LOI, Loi, Oli

Irish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɛlʲ/, /ɪlʲ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ail, oil (“disgrace, reproach; act of reproaching; blemish, defect”).

Noun

oil f (genitive singular oile)

  1. (literary) disgrace, reproach; act of reproaching
  2. (literary) blemish, defect
Declension
Declension of oil

Second declension

Bare forms (no plural form of this noun)

CaseSingular
Nominativeoil
Vocativea oil
Genitiveoile
Dativeoil

Forms with the definite article

CaseSingular
Nominativean oil
Genitivena hoile
Dativeleis an oil

don oil

Etymology 2

From Old Irish ailid, oilid (“nourishes, rears, fosters”) (compare altram (“fosterage”), from a verbal noun of ailid).

Verb

oil (present analytic oileann, future analytic oilfidh, verbal noun oiliúint, past participle oilte)

  1. (transitive) nourish, rear, foster
    Proverb: Gach dalta mar a oiltear. ― Every fosterling as it is reared.
  2. (transitive) train, educate
    lámh oilte ― practised hand
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
singularpluralrelativeautonomous
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativepresentoilimoileann tú;
oilir†		oileann sé, síoilimidoileann sibhoileann siad;
oilid†		a oileann; a oileas /
a n-oileann*; a n-oileas*		oiltear
pastd'oil mé; d'oileas /
oil mé‡; oileas‡		d'oil tú; d'oilis /
oil tú; oilis‡		d'oil sé, sí /
oil sé, sí‡		d'oileamar; d'oil muid /
oileamar; oil muid‡		d'oil sibh; d'oileabhair /
oil sibh;
oileabhair‡		d'oil siad; d'oileadar /
oil siad; oileadar‡		a d'oil /
ar oil*		oileadh;
hoileadh†
past habituald'oilinn /
oilinn‡; n-oilinn‡‡		d'oilteá /
oilteá‡; n-oilteᇇ		d'oileadh sé, sí /
oileadh sé, sí‡; n-oileadh sé, s퇇		d'oilimis; d'oileadh muid /
oilimis; oileadh muid‡; n-oilimis‡‡; n-oileadh muid‡‡		d'oileadh sibh /
oileadh sibh‡; n-oileadh sibh‡‡		d'oilidís; d'oileadh siad /
oilidís; oileadh siad‡; n-oilidís‡‡; n-oileadh siad‡‡		a d'oileadh /
a n-oileadh*		d'oiltí /
oiltí‡; n-oilt퇇
futureoilfidh mé;
oilfead		oilfidh tú;
oilfir†		oilfidh sé, síoilfimid;
oilfidh muid		oilfidh sibhoilfidh siad;
oilfid†		a oilfidh; a oilfeas /
a n-oilfidh*; a n-oilfeas*		oilfear
conditionald'oilfinn / oilfinn‡; n-oilfinn‡‡d'oilfeá / oilfeá‡; n-oilfeᇇd'oilfeadh sé, sí / oilfeadh sé, sí‡; n-oilfeadh sé, s퇇d'oilfimis; d'oilfeadh muid / oilfimis‡; oilfeadh muid‡; n-oilfimis‡‡; n-oilfeadh muid‡‡d'oilfeadh sibh / oilfeadh sibh‡; n-oilfeadh sibh‡‡d'oilfidís; d'oilfeadh siad / oilfidís‡; oilfeadh siad‡; n-oilfidís‡‡; n-oilfeadh siad‡‡a d'oilfeadh /
a n-oilfeadh*		d'oilfí / oilfí‡; n-oilf퇇
subjunctivepresentgo n-oile mé;
go n-oilead†		go n-oile tú;
go n-oilir†		go n-oile sé, sígo n-oilimid;
go n-oile muid		go n-oile sibhgo n-oile siad;
go n-oilid†		—go n-oiltear
pastdá n-oilinndá n-oilteádá n-oileadh sé, sídá n-oilimis;
dá n-oileadh muid		dá n-oileadh sibhdá n-oilidís;
dá n-oileadh siad		—dá n-oiltí
imperativeoilimoiloileadh sé, síoilimisoiligí;
oilidh†		oilidís—oiltear
verbal nounoiliúint
past participleoilte

* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡ Dependent form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

Noun

oil f (genitive singular oileach, nominative plural oileacha)

  1. Alternative form of ail (“stone, rock”)
Declension
Declension of oil

Fifth declension

Bare forms

CaseSingularPlural
Nominativeoiloileacha
Vocativea oila oileacha
Genitiveoileachoileacha
Dativeoiloileacha

Forms with the definite article

CaseSingularPlural
Nominativean oilna hoileacha
Genitivena hoileachna n-oileacha
Dativeleis an oil

don oil

leis na hoileacha

Verb

oil (present analytic oileann, future analytic oilfidh, verbal noun oiliúint, past participle oilte)

  1. (intransitive) Alternative form of oir (“suit, fit, become”)
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
singularpluralrelativeautonomous
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativepresentoilimoileann tú;
oilir†		oileann sé, síoilimidoileann sibhoileann siad;
oilid†		a oileann; a oileas /
a n-oileann*; a n-oileas*		oiltear
pastd'oil mé; d'oileas /
oil mé‡; oileas‡		d'oil tú; d'oilis /
oil tú; oilis‡		d'oil sé, sí /
oil sé, sí‡		d'oileamar; d'oil muid /
oileamar; oil muid‡		d'oil sibh; d'oileabhair /
oil sibh;
oileabhair‡		d'oil siad; d'oileadar /
oil siad; oileadar‡		a d'oil /
ar oil*		oileadh;
hoileadh†
past habituald'oilinn /
oilinn‡; n-oilinn‡‡		d'oilteá /
oilteá‡; n-oilteᇇ		d'oileadh sé, sí /
oileadh sé, sí‡; n-oileadh sé, s퇇		d'oilimis; d'oileadh muid /
oilimis; oileadh muid‡; n-oilimis‡‡; n-oileadh muid‡‡		d'oileadh sibh /
oileadh sibh‡; n-oileadh sibh‡‡		d'oilidís; d'oileadh siad /
oilidís; oileadh siad‡; n-oilidís‡‡; n-oileadh siad‡‡		a d'oileadh /
a n-oileadh*		d'oiltí /
oiltí‡; n-oilt퇇
futureoilfidh mé;
oilfead		oilfidh tú;
oilfir†		oilfidh sé, síoilfimid;
oilfidh muid		oilfidh sibhoilfidh siad;
oilfid†		a oilfidh; a oilfeas /
a n-oilfidh*; a n-oilfeas*		oilfear
conditionald'oilfinn / oilfinn‡; n-oilfinn‡‡d'oilfeá / oilfeá‡; n-oilfeᇇd'oilfeadh sé, sí / oilfeadh sé, sí‡; n-oilfeadh sé, s퇇d'oilfimis; d'oilfeadh muid / oilfimis‡; oilfeadh muid‡; n-oilfimis‡‡; n-oilfeadh muid‡‡d'oilfeadh sibh / oilfeadh sibh‡; n-oilfeadh sibh‡‡d'oilfidís; d'oilfeadh siad / oilfidís‡; oilfeadh siad‡; n-oilfidís‡‡; n-oilfeadh siad‡‡a d'oilfeadh /
a n-oilfeadh*		d'oilfí / oilfí‡; n-oilf퇇
subjunctivepresentgo n-oile mé;
go n-oilead†		go n-oile tú;
go n-oilir†		go n-oile sé, sígo n-oilimid;
go n-oile muid		go n-oile sibhgo n-oile siad;
go n-oilid†		—go n-oiltear
pastdá n-oilinndá n-oilteádá n-oileadh sé, sídá n-oilimis;
dá n-oileadh muid		dá n-oileadh sibhdá n-oilidís;
dá n-oileadh siad		—dá n-oiltí
imperativeoilimoiloileadh sé, síoilimisoiligí;
oilidh†		oilidís—oiltear
verbal nounoiliúint
past participleoilte

* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡ Dependent form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

Mutation

Irish mutation
RadicalEclipsiswith h-prothesiswith t-prothesis
oiln-oilhoilnot applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “oil”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 ail (‘disgrace, reproach’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  • G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 ailid (‘nourish, foster’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Middle English

Noun

oil

  1. Alternative form of oyle

Old French

Etymology 1

From o +‎ il, possibly from:

  • Vulgar Latin *hoc ille, from Latin hoc+ ille (“this [is what] he [said]”),[1] akin to o je, o tu, o nos, o vos, all ‘this’ constructed with other personal pronouns[2][3];
  • hoc illud (“this is it, lit. this that”).

In any case, an elliptical phrase of response, by semantic erosion/grammaticalization possibly calqued on Gaulish: compare Portuguese and Spanish isso and eso (“yes, yeah”, literally “this”), Celtic languages such as Old Irish tó (“yes”), Welsh do (“indeed”), from *tod (“this, that”).[4]

Compare with Old French o, ou, oc, ec, euc, uoc, Old Occitan oc (Occitan òc), all from the simple Latin hoc.

Alternative forms

  • oïl (almost always used by scholars to disambiguate with other meanings)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /uˈil/

Adverb

oil

  1. yes

Interjection

oil

  1. yes
    • circa 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:
      "Oïl, mout m'an sovient il bien.
      Seneschaus, savez vos an rien?
      Yes, I remember it well
      Seneschal, do you know anything about it?

Descendants

  • French: oui
    • → English: oui
    • Maori: Wīwī (“France”)
  • Norman: oui (Guernsey)

References

  1. Languages Within Language, by Ivan Fonagy, page 66
  2. “oui”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
  3. Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé at atilf.fr; select “OÏL”
  4. Peter Schrijver, Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles, Maynooth, 1997, 15.

Etymology 2

See ueil.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈɔ(i̯)ʎ/

Noun

oil m (oblique plural ouz or oilz, nominative singular ouz or oilz, nominative plural oil)

  1. Alternative form of ueil

Simeulue

Noun

oil

  1. water
  2. sap

References

  • Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
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