-nya
See also: nya, NYA, and nyā
Indonesian
Etymology
From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɲa/
Suffix
-nya
- (dative) to him, to her, to it
- (objective after preposition) him, her, it
- (accusative) him, her, it
- his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)
- Ini rumahnya. ― This is his / her / its house.
Usage notes
The usage of this suffix is very diverse, but not all words could take -nya for some senses.
- -nya as a third-person singular possessive (possession): Budi mengambil uangnya di bank. means uang is owned by Budi.
- -nya as a third-person singular objective: Budi menemaninya ke bank. (active), or Ani ditemaninya ke bank. (passive). -nya works as a replacement of Ani in the former and Budi in the latter sentence.
- -nya as a definite marker: Budi, uangnya di mana?. The definite marker means that the money in question is a specific money, not just any money. Similar to the definite article the in "Budi, where is the money?"
- -nya as a possessed case: Ini uangnya Budi, bukan uangnya Ani., Uangnya Budi di mana? considered redundant but often acceptable in standard grammar, common in casual speech. Compare his genitive in early Modern English.
- -nya as a verb nominalizer: Kamu makannya jangan begitu. The -nya here changes the verb makan into a noun.
Derived terms
- se- -nya
Indonesian terms suffixed with -nya
Further reading
- “-nya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Kambera
Pronoun
-nya
- third person singular dative enclitic
Particle
-nya
- continuative aspect enclitic
- Laku-nggu-nya.
- I am going.
See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
| Nominative | Genitive | Accusative | Dative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ku- | -nggu | -ka | -ngga |
| 2sg | mu- (u-) | -mu | -kau | -nggau |
| 3sg | na- | -na | -ya | -nya |
| 1pl.incl | ta- | -nda | -ta | -nda |
| 1pl.excl | ma- | -ma | -kama | -nggama |
| 2pl | mi- (i-) | -mi | -kami (-kai) | -nggami (-nggai) |
| 3pl | da- | -da | -ha | -nja |
References
- Marian Klamer (2000), “Continuative Aspect and the Dative Clitic in Kambera”, in Mark Campana, Ileana Paul, Vivianne Phillips, Lisa Travis, editors, Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory; 49), Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 58
Malay
Alternative forms
- -ڽ
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.
Pronunciation
- (Johor-Selangor) IPA(key): /ɲə/
- (Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /ɲa/
- Rhymes: -ɲə, -ə
Suffix
-nya (Jawi spelling -ڽ)
- (dative) to him, to her, to it
- (objective after preposition) him, her, it
- (accusative) him, her, it
- his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)
- rumahnya ― his / her / its house
Usage notes
When used to address God, a capital letter and hyphen is used.
Descendants
- Indonesian: -nya
- → Petjo: -nja
See also
Malay personal pronouns
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku/ku- / اکو / كو- (informal/towards God) -ku / -كو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) | kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| royal | beta / بيتا | ||
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
| engkau/kau- / اڠکاو/ كاو- (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / -مو (possessive) | kalian / کاليان kamu semua / كامو سموا kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
| royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / -ڽ (possessive) | mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| royal | baginda / بݢيندا | ||